Corporate Strategy Ford Motor Company Essay - 2010 Words

Corporate Strategy Corporate strategy is primarily about the choice of direction for a firm as a whole and the management of its business or product portfolio. There are three active strategies that can affect the overall direction of the company. The company can either expand their current activities, make no change, or reduce its current activities (Wheelen, Hunger, Hoffman, Bamford, 2015). Since the company was first founded in 1909, Ford Motor Company has participated in all three strategies to varying degrees of success or failure. The first strategy, expand its current activities, was the groundwork which sets up the success of the company from the very beginning. Generally, if a company wants to increase their current activities, it has two ways of accomplishing its goals. The company can grow by increasing its inputs without the aid of any innovation and technological process or by innovating new processes that increase its output without any additional inputs (Mihola, Wawrosz, Kotsovcovà ¡, 2015). In the case of Ford Motor Company, it chose to expand by innovation, particularly through the use of the assembly line. However, that is not the only time that Ford Motor Company has expanded by innovation. Ford Motor Company has traditionally operated in three markets, America, Europe, and Asia. So, after looking at its closest competitors Ford Motor Company decided that in order to expand its operations, it would have to include other markets as well as its currentShow MoreRelatedCorporate Strategies And Impl ementation Of Ford Motor Company Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Strategies and Implementation Profitability is a crucial element in determining the financial health of the Ford Motor Company. The financial statement analysis is what allows the company’s managers to point the stability out of the company. This encompasses the income statement, the balance sheet, the cash flow, and the profitability and the liquidity ratios, which are established from December, 2012 until the third quarter (June to September), which means 5 years of ratio focus. TheseRead MoreAssignment 3 - Business Level Corporate Level Strategies - Ford Motor Company2068 Words   |  9 PagesBusiness-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies – Ford Motor Company Strayer University BUS499, 14 February 2016 Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies – Ford Motor Company It all began in 1896 when Henry Ford built the Quadricycle that rode on four bicycle wheels, operated by a four-horsepower engine with only two forward gears and no reverse ability. Henry soon joined a group that founded the Detroit Automobile Company but left within one year and would soon incorporate the Ford Motor Company with 12Read MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe current situation of the Ford Motor Company, revenue of $44 billion, 6 percent above second quarter 2006. The company net income of $750 million, or 31 cents per share. Profit of $258 million, or 13 cents per share, from continuing operations excluding special items. There was a significant year-over-year improvement for all automotive operations. Ford Motor Credit pre-tax profit of $112 million. Cost reductions of $600 million; $1.1 billion through the first half of 2007. There was automotiveRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Study1124 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Ford Motor Company is the fifth biggest automobile manufacturing companies in the world and they offer a wide range of products and services for consumers. Ford Motor Company offers automobile products that are cars, crossovers, SUV’s, trucks, vans, and Lincolns. Ford Motor Company has recently celebrated their 100th anniversary of the moving assembly line invented under Henry Ford. Ford Motor Company has built on its legacy of innovation by expanding advanced manufacturing and groundRead MoreFord Motor Company : An Dominant Car Manufacturer Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesFord Motor Company was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford and has continuously remained under family ownership since this time. The company developed and implemented assembly line production by the release of the Model T in 1909, and produced planes and vehicles for the allies in World War II. Ford has operated internationally since 1904, when it opened a branch in Canada to gain access to Commonwealth markets. F or the first half of the 21st Century, Ford remained the dominant car manufacturer withinRead MoreFord Motor Company: An Analysis1805 Words   |  7 Pages1. Ford Motor Company engages in a number of business-level strategies. Three of the most important are where the company sells, where it produces, and what it produces. With respect to where Ford sells, it has chosen the strategy of being a global automobile company. The company outlines this strategy as a matrix with product strategy (what it produces). Fords geographic/product strategy matrix is as follows. The company operates around the world, selling in almost every country. It has specialRead MoreMarketing Project : Ford Motor Company1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ford Motor Company enlivened an assembling transformation with its large scale manufacturing sequential construction systems in the early 1900 s. Ford is one of world s most surely understood car brands, consumer’s top choices were vehicles like the Ford M ustang, and F-Series tucks. Ford Co. is known as one of the biggest auto organizations on the planet. Company Description Ford works as an auto and portability organization around the world. Ford’s main core business incorporates Ford hasRead MoreFord Motor Company1472 Words   |  6 PagesFord Motor Company: A Business Analysis Mary J. Richardson MGT 521 January 30, 2012 Erick Espinosa Developing sound strategic plans to address the changing business climate is crucial to organizations operating in today’s global environment. Throughout its history, Ford Motor Company has developed effective strategic plans to adapt the business to the changing economy while addressing the needs of their customers and employees. By analyzing the company’s strategic planning, along with itsRead MoreSWOT Analysis: Ford Motor Company Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesimplementing a funds strategy used for investing and manages its trading activities as well as the portfolio. Choosing whether or not to invest in Ford Motor Company will take the use of a SWOT analysis and learning about the stakeholders of the company. Business Analysis Part 1: Ford Motor Company There are a lot of factors to think about as a mutual fund manager when deciding whether to invest in a company. When it comes to investing in Ford Motor Company, I will have toRead MoreThe Alignment Of Hrm Within The Ford Motor Company1012 Words   |  5 Pagesat optimal levels. Human resource professionals are tasked with developing recruitment strategies that attract and retain individuals needed by organizations to provide products and services that meet customer expectations. In this paper, the author will discuss the alignment of HRM within the Ford Motor Company. The author will propose how to ensure that the HR strategy is in alignment with the business strategy. In this paper, the author will describe the HR job positions and the responsibilities

The Ideas Of Reading And Writing - 1493 Words

The ideas of reading and writing seems intertwined; to do one of them one has to know how to do the other. Therefore, this makes both as powerful as the other in language and literature. Most authors who talk about the ideology of reading and writing, compose their works mainly based from outside sources and other author’s works. However, comic writer Alison Bechdel composes a story about the troubles and hardships she encounters while writing. This oddly more intricate story, offers a deeper look into Bechdel’s personal life in which she explains her own thoughts as an omnipotent narrator. As the narrator of her own story – showing the character’s actual thoughts apart from dialogue – Bechdel introduces her main theory: the creation of†¦show more content†¦Bechdel accidentally blocked the easy way of confronting her mother about the memoir her character was writing about her father. Because of this, she’s now faced with the only cho ice of climbing through a tiny window filled with dirt, cobwebs and spiders. As the dream continues, she realizes there’s a large door behind her which leads to a body of water with stepping-stones. She’s found what seems like an easy way out, and this way even lays out the path for her. When she steps on the first rock however, instead of the rock being safe and solid, she unexpectedly falls into the water. This symbolizes that there is really is no easy path to confronting her mother, and that she has to just dive into talking to her mother about what appears, a very touchy subject. So, dive in she did. Later on while she is still in the dream, instead of a basement Bechdel is now in her car. She is practicing what she wants to say to her mother later during their â€Å"talk†, when traffic starts to thicken. In the comic there are road work signs and shoulder closings, which symbolizes the bumpy path she’s about to meet and how the road will only get narrower and more dangerous as she goes along. This is when the story she writes of her father begins, but she soon realizes she cannot â€Å"live and write at the same time.† She then experiences a close encounter with death from a Stroehmann Sunbeam Bread truck – the same

A Nuclear Family Vacation Free Essays

Putin’s Russia is, and may never be ready to open its doors completely to the rest of the world, just yet.   When the hand of welcome is that of the United States’, Russia is wary.   While both countries have pledged cooperation to promote mutual interests, the two have remained passive and obviously lacked sincerity. We will write a custom essay sample on A Nuclear Family Vacation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Take the case of the US-funded Sarov Technopark, where the Russian nuclear scientists and their western partners will do their research and conduct their tests.   The joint project was to ensure that the scientists would not work for the terrorists.   Five years after groundbreaking in 2000, US representatives have not gained access to the facility, which was supposed to be an open zone.   The Russians gave the Americans a runaround, before finally turning down the request for a visit. The Russians are highly security-conscious and infinitely protective of their talents, skills, and expertise.   They cordoned off sensitive sites or closed sites and never allowed anyone through.   Analysts understood the attitude. Russia would not want their experts on weapons of mass destruction to gain outside contact.   While this may not have been acceptable to the US-Russian partnership, the Russians appeared to have a point as far sparing nothing for reason of security.   The Russians would rather err on the side of caution. The US foreign policy had not been encouraging either.   They showed no visible signs that the US pursued these initiatives with the same enthusiasm as before.   The US led allied forces in the Gulf, Afghanistan, and in Iraq.   It will stop at nothing to oppose the use of weapons of mass destruction. What seemed to be a strong alliance between the US and Russia against the proliferation of nuclear technology had not progressed beyond take off.   Where has it gone wrong?   We will never know, as Russia would not provide the answer and the US would not even ask the question. How to cite A Nuclear Family Vacation, Essays

Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality of Japan

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality of Japan. Answer: Current Challenges In hotel and hospitality management, Japan has noted significant growth in the previous decade or so. Meanwhile, impressive culture of hospitality and hotel industry has become one of the major strengths for Japan throughout the past (McCornac and Zhang, 2016). Most importantly, in the current set of condition, some of the major challenges have to be dealt with to improve the sustainability of Japans tourism. Insufficient foreign language services: Modern English, American and other tourists visiting Japan have complained that Japanese tourism has lacked insufficient foreign language services to assist the foreigners. Therefore, the interest of foreign visitors on Japan tourism has seemed to be reducing (Allan, 2015). Meanwhile, government of Japan has identified the major issue of language services to influence foreign language education in hotel and hospitality industry. Mono-ethical and mono-lingual Japanese culture: Traditionally, the culture of Japan has been termed as mono-ethical and mono-lingual oriented, to say the least. Therefore, the Japanese has seemed to put high priority on their culture (McCornac and Zhang, 2016). As a result of the scenario, attention towards the British culture and American culture have hit in a negative way. Lack of modern strategic intervention: In the contemporary tourism industry development, Japan has lacked strategic intervention to attract foreign tourists to the country. Most of all, Japanese has paid more attention to their culture over the tourists culture. Hence, travelling experiences of visitors are not significant at all (Day, 2012). Management of tourists: The typical tourist travel packages offered in Japan is not effectively marketed and managed. As a result of the event, first priority of the tourists is not met by the tourism industry of Japan (Andonian et al., 2016). Recommendation By considering the current challenges of tourism industry in Japan, the following recommendations are provided to mitigate the challenges: Safety policy of tourist: The Government of Japan needs to develop better policies for the safety of the tourist visiting Japan from any country of the world. The Japanese government needs to develop few policies that will promote the safety and health of the foreign tourist. Linguistic training for tourist agents: There is a need of linguistic training for the tourist agents to mitigate the issues of communication gaps that are faced by the foreign tourists. The tourism companies must employ people capable of speaking foreign languages such as English, French, German and more to communicate with the tourist. Cultural diversification: The Japanese government must promote cultural diversification by implementing new policies for the tourism industry. There is a need of employing expats and people belonging to other cultures and countries. It will promote cultural diversification. Along with that, Japanese government can organise cultural events to promote its tourism industry. Digital marketing: The Japanese government needs to make changes in its tourism marketing policy. The language used in the digital marketing must include several foreign languages to attract tourist from all across the globe. Along with that, social media can be considered as a major platform to promote Japans tourism industry. References Allan, J. (2015).Tourism to Japan is Booming but Growth Exposes New Challenges | News Insights | Investment in Japan. [online] Investment in Japan. Available at: https://www.investmentinjapan.com/news-and-insights/opinion/tourism-to-japan-is-booming-but-growth-exposes-new-challenges/ [Accessed Nov. 2016]. Andonian, A., Kuwabara, T., Yamakawa, N. and Ishida, R. (2016). The future of Japanstourism: Path for sustainable growth towards 2020.McKinsey Japan and Travel, Transport and Logistics Practice, [online] pp.2-37. Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/wordsmith2/Desktop/The%20Future%20of%20Japans%20Tourism%20full%20report.pdf [Accessed Nov. 2016]. Day, J. (2012). Challenges of Sustainable Tourism.Journal of Tourism Research Hospitality, 01(02). McCornac, D. and Zhang, R. (2016).Japans International Tourism Challenge. [online] The Diplomat. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/japans-international-tourism-challenge/ [Accessed Nov. 2016].

Criteria Used in Assessing the Relative Success of a Family Business

Conjugating Croître in French

Conjugating Croà ®tre in French In French, there are a few options for saying to grow. One of those is  croà ®tre  and is the subject of this verb conjugation lesson. Yet, you may also wish to learn or use the verbs  grandir  (to grow)  and viellier (to grow old)  as well. Conjugating the French Verb  Croà ®tre Verb conjugations are required to express the verb in the present, future, or past tense. For instance, growing and grew are English conjugations, though in French things are a little more complex. Thats because we must be concerned about the subject pronoun as well as when the verb is happening. Croà ®tre  is an  irregular verb, meaning that it does not follow a standard conjugation pattern. You will need to memorize these conjugations without the help of any similar verbs you may already know. Yet, once you identify the endings for  croà ®tre, they can also be applied to accroà ®tre (to increase)  and dà ©croà ®tre (to decrease). When studying these conjugations, watch out for the changes to the verb stem. Some replace the circumflex à ® with an I and in others forms, you will find a circumflex à » in its place. This is a rather tricky conjugation, so take your time. Using the table, pair the appropriate subject pronoun with the verbs tense. For instance, I grow is je croà ®s while we will grow is nous croà ®trons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je croà ®s croà ®trai croissais tu croà ®s croà ®tras croissais il croà ®t croà ®tra croissait nous croissons croà ®trons croissions vous croissez croà ®trez croissiez ils croissent croà ®tront croissaient The Present Participle of  Croà ®tre The  present participle  of  croà ®tre is  croissant. This is a verb, though in some circumstances its also an adjective, gerund, or noun. A Past Tense Form of  Croà ®tre The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to form the past tense in French. To create it, first conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject, then add the  past participle  crà ». As an example I grew becomes jai crà » and we grew is nous avons  crà ». More Simple Croà ®tre  Conjugations to Know The conjugations explained above should be the focus of your French studies at first. As you progress, you may also need or encounter one of the following forms of  croà ®tre. The subjunctive verb form will apply when the action of growing is in some way questionable or uncertain. Likewise, the conditional form is reserved for the times when the action may or may not happen because its dependent on certain conditions. Its likely that you will only see or use the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive in formal writing. In this case, being able to recognize these forms as croà ®tre  is most important, especially with the change to à ». Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je croisse croà ®trais crà »s crà »sse tu croisses croà ®trais crà »s crà »sses il croisse croà ®trait crà »t crà »t nous croissions croà ®trions crà »mes crà »ssions vous croissiez croà ®triez crà »tes crà »ssiez ils croissent croà ®traient crà »rent crà »ssent There may also be times when you need to use  croà ®tre  in the imperative verb form. When doing so, you do not have to include the subject pronoun: use croà ®s rather than tu croà ®s. Imperative (tu) croà ®s (nous) croissons (vous) croissez

The Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Criminal Justice System - Essay Example The study presents Theoretical Criminology that refers to a discipline focusing on the establishment, development, and the advancement of the theoretical, speculative, or notional aspects of criminological knowledge. In other terms, theoretical criminology encompasses the various theories, crimes, and the narratives related to or explaining crime and delinquency. In addition, theoretical criminology entails the study and surveys of criminal/delinquent behaviors, criminal law, social deviance, morality, and social regulation/governance crimes/criminals. Besides the renewal of healthy theoretical debates in the criminal justice systems, theoretical criminology explores the interrelation of criminological theories and empirical data from crime-focused researches, thereby promoting the establishment of linkages between cultural, socio-political theories, and criminological analysis. Although the academic nature of criminal justice became more apparent in the 1950s, a period during the di scipline was mainly characterized by observational researches; recent times have realized the diversification of the discipline, with more complex criminal justice systems, organizations, and agents/personnel. Consequently, the criminological theories have since evolved to become more complex and equally diversified in their elements and areas of applicability. In fact, the contemporary theories of criminology could not be easily identified with the theoretical criminology that existed fifty years ago. ... Theoretical Criminology Theoretical Criminology refers to a discipline focusing on the establishment, development, and the advancement of the theoretical, speculative, or notional aspects of criminological knowledge (Walsh & Ellis, 2007). In other terms, theoretical criminology encompasses the various theories, crimes, and the narratives related to or explaining crime and delinquency (Beccaria & Davies, 1974). In addition, theoretical criminology entails the study and surveys of criminal/delinquent behaviors, criminal law, social deviance, morality, and social regulation/governance crimes/criminals. Besides the renewal of healthy theoretical debates in the criminal justice systems, theoretical criminology explores the interrelation of criminological theories and empirical data from crime-focused researches, thereby promoting the establishment of linkages between cultural, socio-political theories, and criminological analysis. Although the academic nature of criminal justice became mo re apparent in the 1950s, a period during the discipline was mainly characterized by observational researches; recent times have realized the diversification of the discipline, with more complex criminal justice systems, organizations, and agents/personnel. Consequently, the criminological theories have since evolved to become more complex and equally diversified in their elements and areas of applicability. In fact, the contemporary theories of criminology could not be easily identified with the theoretical criminology that existed fifty years ago. With the more complex theoretical researches accumulated in the last sixty years, relatively more specific criminological theories have been postulated. Most of these specific criminological theories explain various types of

Compare and Contrast between Islamic and Conventional Banking Term Paper

Compare and Contrast between Islamic and Conventional Banking - Term Paper Example Yet, riba or interest is not precisely defined in the Quran at the time of its prohibition. The prohibition of interest is generally understood to refer to any increment over and above the principal. It represents the return on transactions involving exchange of money for money, or an addition, because of delay in payment, to the agreed price on sale debts/debts. From an Islamic point of view under some concept of fairness, there are two dimensions: the supplier of capital possesses a right to reward, but this reward should be commensurate with the risk and effort involved and should be determined by the return realized on the individual project for which funds are supplied (Abdi, 2010, p 80). One of the primary rationales espoused by Muslim scholars is that the existence of riba (interest) in the economy is a form of economic exploitation, which violates the core Islamic teaching of social justice. Therefore, the elimination of interest from the economic system would be more â€Å" fair† and ethically and morally more appropriate economic behavior. The prohibition of interest (riba) and permission of trade drive the financial activities in an economy towards asset-backed businesses and transactions. This implies that all financial transactions must be representative of real transactions for the sale of goods, services or benefits (Abdi, 2010, p 81). Interest-free loans (alternative for usury) Islamic financial institutions must not only focusing on maximizing profit, but they should also play a vital role in addressing socio-economic issues such as poverty reduction and improvements in important aspects of human welfare (like education, illiteracy, reducing child mortality, youth insecurity and...Generally, equity financing under non-Islamic finance, savers would provide funds to enterprises in return for a share in its prospective net returns as well as a share in its management. However, in contrast, profit sharing funding of projects under Islamic fin ance is not for the whole life of the financed enterprise, but for a shorter period, as in the case of providing working capital. Profit sharing finance may be provided with and without sharing in management, Linked with profit sharing is the notion of risk sharing. This is based on the principle of liability, which states that profit is justified based on one’s obligation to take a loss. This legal maxim is said to be derived from a saying of the Prophet Mohammed that â€Å"profit comes with liability† implying that Shari’a distinguishes lawful profit from all other forms of gain. One becomes entitled to profit only after one bears the liability, or risk, of loss. Tax in Islamic banking (Zakat) Zakat- This is the requirement to benefit society through the collection of alms, which is known as Zakat Benefits Zakat For society, fractional reserve system allows banks to act as intermediaries that facilitate the movement of funds from savers to investors in a society. There are also significant economies-of-scale in banks making investment and lending decisions, as they have access to knowledge and expertise which individual investors or lenders generally do not.

Alia Malek, Patriot Acts. Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alia Malek, Patriot Acts. Book - Essay Example Where of how law enforcement officers bully normal citizens, as well as how normal citizens bully other citizens who they consider are much lesser than them in a number of aspects such as race and colour. We hear of bullying stories every day in our schools. Students from different races (rather than whites) and deprived backgrounds among others fall prey to mostly white students who consider themselves more superior to other races (Bacon 35). I also fell prey to some of the worst bullies while in high school. It shows so evidently the role of our lack of knowledge as a country and as humans. I find both enraging and heartbreaking that parents, teachers, as well as schools, can be the major persecutors in a majority of these stories. The stories of Gurwinder and Rana truly drove the cultural unawareness home, but my own ignorance, as well: I echoed on the rage of my Sikh or Muslim friends and how immature I was of what they were enduring from the entire nation while they were going t hrough persecution in other regions of the globe I am delighted to have stumble upon this volume. The stories in Patriot Acts cope with one basic issue: what defines an American? Can United States citizens put on turbans? And can they pray openly? The storytellers in this volume are being deprived of their Americanism (which is that different when compared to citizenship) and, in the United States, that means that they are being shorn of their humanity (Malek 56). I marvel if this tendency to link Americanism with basic humanity is exclusive to the United States or if other nations are no different. A brand of American patriotism is to associate America with liberty, as well as freedom with ones fundamental rights (Bacon 40). However this principle, the highest confidence Americans have in this thought, depends on that liberty being indivisible from their citizens and not only the government. So how do individuals’ freedoms get

Significance of Evidence Based Practice in Nursing

Significance of Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Nursing is a profession accountable to society for providing high quality cost-effective care for patients and their families (Burns Grove, 2007). This assignment will define evidence based practice and its significance in the nursing process. In addition, it will critically analyse the research article Community Psychiatric Nurses experience of working with people who engage in deliberate self harm carried out by Thompson et al (2008). Furthermore it will define Hierarchy of Evidence and its importance in research studies. A clinical question has been formulated using Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) and the key words in the article to search for another article which support or contradicts the main review article. Brown defines evidence based practices as the use of the best quality research to deliver an effective quality of care in the best interest of the patient as well as promoting cost effectiveness within the healthcare system (Brown, 1999). In order for health care professionals to deliver the best quality of care, they need to use the combination of evidence based clinical treatments and practices (Lindsay, 2007). Evidence based knowledge is important as it guides and maintains the clinical competencies of health care practitioners and provides a research based explanations to assist patients in the process of clinical decision making (Burns and Grove, 2007). According to Ciliska et al (2005), the skills necessary to provide evidence based solution to a clinical dilemma includes defining the problem, conducting the effective research to locate the best evidence, critically appraising the evidence and considering that evidence and its implications in the context of patients circumstances and values. Research into the experience of community psychiatric nurses working with people who engage in deliberate self-harm was carried out using the qualitative research design, as it is primarily concerned with understanding human beings experiences in a humanistic, interpretive approach (Ronald et al, 2007). The purpose of the research was to understand CPNs experience while they are working with people who deliberately self-harm. In this research it was found suitable as it relies less on non numerical data. A study by Playle (2000) suggest that readers need to read, critically study and evaluate a research article to demonstrate their understanding of research and to identify implications for practice. In this study, Tarling and Crofts (2002)s framework and The Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) accessed on http://www.phru.nhs.uk/Pages/PHD/CASP.htm has been used to review the strength, credibility, validity and weakness of the above study. The title Community Psychiatric nurses experience of working with people who deliberately self-harm is clear, concise and informative as it reflects the contents of the whole study. Informative titles are important in research process as it allows the reader to identify the research approach (Roe and Webb, 1999), however the title does not reveal the approach which may be seen as a weakness (Dempsey and Dempsey, 2000). The authors of this article are qualified professional with clinical and psychological expertise as well as experience of working with people with mental health problems as Dempsey and Dempsey (2000) suggests that authors should be qualified to carry out a research study and their qualifications should be verified if need be. This may be seen as powerful, hence reliability and credibility of this article is not questionable as they will be perceived as professionals with clinical credibility to eliminate bias (Hoskins et al, 2005). However it can be argued that the community psychiatric nurses had not undertaken psychotherapy training although they had a minimum of eighteen years of experience (Thompson et al, 2008). The abstract is short, brief and concise. According to Parahoo (2006) a research report should begin with an abstract which summarises the major findings of the study as well as attracting the readers attention to read the whole research article thus adding credibility and validity to the report. Lack of clear summary may be seen as a weakness as readers may lose interest in reading the whole article as it may fail to express the important information about the study (Morrison, 1992). According to Newell Burnard (2006), an introduction should clearly define the key words and stating the purpose of the research. This study clearly explains in detail what is meant by deliberate self-harm and yet there is little research into the actual experience of working with people who deliberate self-harm (Thompson et al, 2008). The research used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), which allowed an in-depth exploration of individual personal experience, underpinning the theory of interpretation and interaction which focuses on individuals experiences to the central concern and can only be accessed through IPA (Smith, 1995). According to Streubert and Carpenter (1995), Interpretative is the understanding of life experiences and events and Phenomenology is the appearance of things as lived experiences. This may be seen as strength as it is fundamentally important, as without knowing exactly how the study was carried out, it is difficult for the reader to judge its strengths and weaknesses (Gillis, 2002). In this study, the researchers and the participants were all from the North of England thereby eliminating the theory of ethnography which requires the investigator to learn about a culture and be part of it (Burns and Grove, 2007). The participants were made up of four male and four females from t he community mental health teams who had an average age of forty years and eighteen years of experience of working with people who engage in deliberate self -harm. The researcher did not explain why different age groups did not participate or other ethnic minority groups which limited their findings. For the purpose of this study, a purposive (participants with a specific characteristics (Lindsay, 2007) sample was recruited. According to Parahoo (2006), sampling is important in qualitative research as it seeks to collect valid and reliable data from a small division of the population that would be representative of the whole population. This showed to be suitable to the study which may be seen as reliable and valid although, it can be argued that sampling method may produce biased results. It may be seen as a selective method to fulfil the aims of the study (Streubert-Speziale Carpenter, 2007). Data was collected through semi-structured interview and open-ended questionnaires according to IPA (Smith, 1995). The interviews lasted for forty five minutes to an hour which was guided but did not dictate the exact course of the interview. This was chosen in order to allow the interviewees to talk freely to explain their thoughts and experiences. The method accessed the participants natural attitudes and understanding of deliberate self harm. This enabled certain responses to be questioned in greater depth, while collecting similar data from all the informants as well as creating a relaxed comfortable environment for the interviewees, (Holloway and Wheeler, 2002). However it can be argued that it is a time-consuming method, not just the collecting of the data, but the transcribing and analysis of the data. There are risks of interviewer bias as face to face interviews often require training, (Parahoo, 2006). All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. According to Holloway and Wheeler (2002), researchers must preserve participants words as accurately as possible before analysing the data. The researchers had a chance to replay the tapes several times to improve the quality of the transcripts. The transcripts were then analysed using IPA principals (Smith and Osborn, 2003). The researcher read the transcripts to familiarise with the data, noting down the key words and phrases said by the participants, thus summarising the sample (Rowntree, 1991). The notes were classified in more general term to form initial themes to try and capture the essence of the participants accounts which were then copied to a computer program which assisted in managing connections between the emerging themes but no direct analysis was made. According to Morse and Field (2007), transcripts from different informants should be compared categorised and coded into substantive themes and sub-themes to produce a high degree of interpretation and integration. A master list of themes and subthemes was then produced for transcript which contained a degree of interpretation and integration. The process was repeated on every interview to maintain consistence of data analysis as suggested by Burns and Grove (2007). The themes were highly developed and compared to original text as Speziale Streubert and Carpenter (2007) suggests that researchers needs to move forward and backward between levels until saturation is achieved to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the phenomena. A table was produced for each theme indicating the sub themes and identifying where each transcript could be evidenced. Different methods were employed to ensure trustworthiness and the master themes audited by the three authors including an independent researcher to ensure that themes were warrantable and grounded in the data. Although the researchers have carefully considered how to ensure validity of the study, it is noted that the findings were subject to limitations as all the nurses were experienced white British, limiting the applicability of nurses from other ethnic origins or trained in other countries. In addition, it is a small study based in a small geographical area which limits reliability as well as the generalizability of the results (Meadows, 2004). There is also evidence that there may be differences in assessment practices between different professional groups and different levels of experience, (Weston, 2003). Furthermore, the findings are based on reflective accounts of the experience of working with patients, who self-harm and may therefore be subject to memory bias, (Thompson et al, 2008). The authors recommends further studies to explore the extent of experiences and evaluate further interventions to improve professional awareness of deliberate self-harm as well as training for nurses to provide high standards of care as suggested by NMC (2008). The researcher sought approval from the NHS (National Health Service) ethical and research government as suggested by Parahoo (2006) thus adding credibility. However the research does not specify if consent, was sort from the participants which may appear as a weakness as it important to respect for autonomy and beneficence (Polit and Beck, 2006). Ensuring of confidentiality NHS (2008) of information discussed, was not addressed to the participants before the research was carried out which may have led to withholding of important information which would affect the validity of the report (Clifford, 1997). This can be seen as a weakness in the research. Hierarchy of evidence is the ranking of research methods according to their effectiveness, strength and weaknesses (Ciliska et al, 2005). In the healthcare system, depending on its source, some research methods are considered to be stronger and produce better quality evidence than others hence credibility, reliability and validity differs (Lindsay, 2007). According to Polit Beck (2008), qualitative research falls on level V because of its systematic descriptive of psychological studies Craig and Smyth (2002) suggests the use of PICO (systematic way to identify important ideas in a research article), in formulating a clinical question in health care. P is Population which was Deliberate Self harm I is Intervention which was Not Applicable C is Comparison which was Not Applicable O is Outcome which was CPN experience. To search for the second article clinical question has been formulated using PICO. The following link was used to access the article. Student Portal Log In my studies summon type in key words Go Button. The search was carried out using the key words, CPNs experience in deliberate self harm in all fields and 310 articles were retrieved. The search was limited to product content journals only which retrieved 306 journals. The search was further limited with the number of years from 2009 to 2010 which yielded 35 journals articles. Among the articles, Analysis of Accident and Emergency Doctors Response To Treating People Who Self-Harm was retrieved and read through which supported the reviewed article adding to its strength, validity and credibility. A study by Craig Smythe (2002) suggests the search of electronic database as a method of finding research studies as all journals have indexes that have been converted to electronic databases. The University subscribe to Summon which can be accessed freely by all students which makes it easier to search articles for educational purposes. In conclusion, evidence based knowledge is important in implementation of cost effective nursing intervention and therefore it is the responsibility of health care professionals to critically analyse any piece of evidence for credibility, validity, reliability and its source, in clinical decision making (Brown ,1999). They also have a legal and professional responsibility under the Human Rights Act 1998, Health and Safety 1974, The Consumer Protection 1987 as well as The Duty of Care (NMC 2008).

Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement :: essays research papers

Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement The meeting of minds between Chile and the United States has brought about a long awaited union pertaining to free trade. Chile responded enthusiastically when presented with the opportunity to become a part of 1994's North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) but because of the issue of presidential fast-track trade negotiation authority, the merger did not come to fruition. Now, nearly a decade later -- after negotiations began in the year 2000 -- Chile and America have come to their own agreement with regard to free trade, one that is both historic and comprehensive in nature. On September 3, 2003, President George W. Bush signed the United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Which went into effect on January 1, 2004. Chile was the first country in Latin America to sign this type of agreement with the United States. The United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement allows two nations to strengthen and develop economic relations and to establish free trade between them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Chile, resolve to: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strengthen the special bonds of friendship and cooperation between their nations (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contribute to the harmonious development and expansion of world trade and provide catalyst to broader international cooperation. (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create an expanded and secure market for the goods and services produced in their territories. (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoid distortions in their reciprocal trade. (e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish clear and mutually advantageous rules governing their trade. (f)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ensure a predictable commercial framework for business planning and investment. (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective rights and obligations under the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization and other multilateral and bilateral instruments of cooperation. (h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enhance the competitiveness of their firms in global markets. (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foster creativity and innovation, promote trade in goods and services that are the subject of intellectual property rights. (j)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create new employment opportunities and improve working conditions and living standards in the respected territories. (k)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective international commitments and strengthen their cooperation on labor matters. (l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protect and enhance and enforce basic workers’ rights. (m)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implement this agreement in a matter consistent with environmental protection and conservation. (n)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promote sustainable development. (o)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conserve protect and improve the environment, including through managing natural resources in their respective territories and through multilateral environmental agreements to which they are both parties. (p)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preserve their flexibility to safeguard the public welfare; and (q)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contribute to hemispheric integration and the fulfillment of the objectives of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (http://www. Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement :: essays research papers Benefits of the US- Chile Free Trade Agreement The meeting of minds between Chile and the United States has brought about a long awaited union pertaining to free trade. Chile responded enthusiastically when presented with the opportunity to become a part of 1994's North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) but because of the issue of presidential fast-track trade negotiation authority, the merger did not come to fruition. Now, nearly a decade later -- after negotiations began in the year 2000 -- Chile and America have come to their own agreement with regard to free trade, one that is both historic and comprehensive in nature. On September 3, 2003, President George W. Bush signed the United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Which went into effect on January 1, 2004. Chile was the first country in Latin America to sign this type of agreement with the United States. The United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement allows two nations to strengthen and develop economic relations and to establish free trade between them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Chile, resolve to: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strengthen the special bonds of friendship and cooperation between their nations (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contribute to the harmonious development and expansion of world trade and provide catalyst to broader international cooperation. (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create an expanded and secure market for the goods and services produced in their territories. (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoid distortions in their reciprocal trade. (e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish clear and mutually advantageous rules governing their trade. (f)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ensure a predictable commercial framework for business planning and investment. (g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective rights and obligations under the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization and other multilateral and bilateral instruments of cooperation. (h)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enhance the competitiveness of their firms in global markets. (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foster creativity and innovation, promote trade in goods and services that are the subject of intellectual property rights. (j)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Create new employment opportunities and improve working conditions and living standards in the respected territories. (k)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build on their respective international commitments and strengthen their cooperation on labor matters. (l)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protect and enhance and enforce basic workers’ rights. (m)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implement this agreement in a matter consistent with environmental protection and conservation. (n)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promote sustainable development. (o)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conserve protect and improve the environment, including through managing natural resources in their respective territories and through multilateral environmental agreements to which they are both parties. (p)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preserve their flexibility to safeguard the public welfare; and (q)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contribute to hemispheric integration and the fulfillment of the objectives of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (http://www.

How many grams of fat can you consume in a day

a. How many grams of fat can you consume in a day and not exceed 30 percent of your calories from fat? Use the CNPP recommendation for your daily calorie recommendation to calculate your answer. How did you do in this area for the day you recorded?On the â€Å"standard† daily calorie intake of 2,200 recommended for very active young women, the upper limit for fat intake is 73 grams (660 calories). If I was to be sedentary man or an active woman, I would roughly have to meet the same requirement, which is not to take in more than 73 grams of fat in a dayb. How many grams of saturated fat can you consume in a day and not exceed 10 percent of calories from saturated fat? How did you do in this area for the day you recorded?  I need to consume only ten percent of calories from saturated fat, meaning, I may not exceed more than 300 mg of saturated fats in day. Saturated fats such as cholesterol, and trans fat which is not only bad for my diet but will also clog up my aorta(major heart vein).c. For the day you recorded your intake if you ate a serving of a high-fat food, for example, lasagna, how could you avoid exceeding the recommended fat intake for the day?  During the event that I eat food containing high amounts of fat, to be able to balance the amount of fat intake, I eat food that contain less fat and eat foods that were boiled, broiled or grilled. In doing so, I end up taking in less fat and still eating a lot. Because even if we avoid frying food it will still most likely contain fat, so I will at least minimize the amount of fat included in everything else I eat.d. If you could substitute a serving of lower fat lasagna for the higher fat choice, what effect would this have on your other food choices and on your calorie and nutrient intakes for that day?  Replacing the lasagna, which contains a large amount of fat with lasagna that contains a lot less, will definitely make it a lot easier for someone to compensate concerning the other food opti ons that I may have. Instead of having to choose low calorie and fat containing food, which may turn out to be bland, I can opt to eat regular food options that can not only fill my stomach but also fill my calorie requirement for the day.e. Considering regular lasagna, which ingredients most likely contribute most to the total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol in the higher fat lasagna selection?  Perhaps lasagna could be included in one’s diet once a week, like on Sundays or special holidays. Making lasagna, with all its calories and fats, a part of one’s daily diet is not only irrational but is also risky when it comes to one’s health.f. How could you change those ingredients to reflect a reduction in fat content?  I can reduce the fat content of lasagna by placing whole-wheat lasagna instead of the regular pasta, decreasing the amount of virgin olive oil that is placed in it, placing less butter, and also using ground chicken rather than ground beef.g. How did the day’s recorded total for calories and vitamins compare with your recommended amounts? Did the day’s meals meet or exceed your need for energy? Describe how your actual intake varied from the CNPP recommendation.  Happily, I was able to exceed the needed amounts for calories and vitamins for the day. As for the vitamins, I was happy to see that I exceeded it because it means that I am eating a healthy diet. Although for the calorie intake, it scares me a bit because eating a calorie pack food without expending it properly will result to added body fats.h. Did your meals present too little of any of the vitamins and minerals listed in the CNPP materials? Which ones?  Actually, my vitamin intake for the day exceeded what was expected from me greatly. I was able to take in more than what was required from me according to CNPP, which means none of them where under-represented.i. What changes in your choices among those foods would have improved the energy o r vitamin or mineral totals for the day?  Improvement when taken in a standard meaning would actually mean to increase, but in my case, to improve my diet I would have to decrease my energy intake and simply maintain my vitamin and mineral intake for the day.j. Did your choices provide enough folate to meet your requirement?  I am glad to say that I actually met the required amount of folate that I had to take in within one day. In fact I was able to take in twice the required amount of 400 micrograms and was able to take in 784.5 micrograms.k. What are the sources of niacin in your day’s meals?  Niacin is not really that abundant in standard food. Niacin can actually be found in whole refined grains. When mills refine grain they are required by law to add folic acid, NIACIN, iron and riboflavin. So therefore eating refined grains at least once a day may add to my Niacin intake.l. What about Vitamin C? What percentage of your daily need of Vitamin C did your meals provi de? Which individual foods were the main contributors? To what food groups do they belong?  I was able to take in a total of 126.78% vitamin C within one day. Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid is abundant in Citrus filled drinks and meals such as lemons, oranges and lime, all of which are in the Fruits part of the Food Pyramid. Also aside from normal food intake, it is easy to receive vitamin C by simply buying it in a local drugstore.m. How did your total energy intake compare with your energy recommendation? Is this consistent with your nutritional goals?  In my food intake, I was able to take 6604 kcal worth energy, which is three times more the recommended 2339 kcal goal for a day. It is very impressive to see that I was able to take in that much energy. However, it is also true that if I am not able to expend that energy within a day, it turns to body fat which is terrible to have.n. Which of your foods are â€Å"vitamin bargains†? Those would be foods which are vitamin-den se, providing the most vitamins for the fewest calories.  Fruits and vegetables of course give me the most amounts of vitamins without having to increase my total number of calories significantly. In fact it can be noted that the best source of vitamins are vegetables because they don’t contain fructose like fruits do, but they contain a minimal amount of starch which makes up a good low calorie diet.o. Breakfast cereals are a great source of vitamins. What characteristic of these foods makes them so rich in vitamins?  Breakfast cereals are made from plants specifically corn, wheat, and grains. Corn in itself is full of vitamins and wheat and grains may contain some vitamins as well. In addition, the fact that when we eat cereals it always comes with full cream or filled milk, which adds a significant amount of vitamins in a persons diet.p. What can you say about your recorded food intake and the vitamins and minerals that you obtained from the foods you ate that day?   I can say that I actually exceed the requirements that are set for a balanced diet. Although this is not such a good thing because too much of certain food groups may cause complications to my health.ReferencesDietary guidelines and the Guide to the Food Pyramid. West Virginia University, December 22, 2007, from http://www.wvu.edu/~exten/infores/pubs/fypubs/WLG_132_Food_Pyramid.pdfDietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, USDHHS, USDA, December 22,2007. from www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelinesKantor, L.S. December 22, 2007, from http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer772/aer772a.pdfLawrence J. Appel, M.D., M.P.H., Benjamin Caballero, M.D., Ph.D., and Fergus M. Clydesdale, Ph.D. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. December 22, 2007, from www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelinesNational Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

What does Banduras study of Aggression tell us about development Essays

What does Banduras study of Aggression tell us about development Essays What does Banduras study of Aggression tell us about development Paper What does Banduras study of Aggression tell us about development Paper * Banduras research suggested that we learn our behaviour from our social environment. * Bandura used this research to develop his Social Learning Theory. This theory sets out one way in which children develop their behaviour as they grow older. * The theory (SLT) suggests that we can learn from role models or significant others, simply by observing their behaviour no reinforcement is needed. The role model must be someone who is of high social status for that individual an adult, teacher, popstar, or older peer. This person is seen as successful and worthy of copying. * Bandura found that children will model their behaviour on an adult role model. The model acted in an aggressive way (and showed the same types of aggression imitation) than children who had observed a non-aggressive model. This was only true of children who observed the same sex role model, which suggests that females are not significant others for boys. * These findings would suggest that a childs development can be easily shaped into any form of behaviour. According to this theory, a child could develop anti-social or pro-social behaviour by observation. * One other finding was that the children who observed the non-aggressive model also showed some aggression (non-imitative aggression). This would suggest that they had either learned to be aggressive in some previous situation or that aggressive play was innate (built-in). What does Banduras Study tell us about early childhood experiences? This study tells us the following: * That we can learn from our social environment at the age of 37-69 months. * We learn from role models or significant others who are of high social status or significance to us. In this study it was an adult (male and female) * It would suggest that we only have to see something once for it to influence our behaviour. * It would suggest that we as children are very vulnerable to outside influences and that our behaviour can be shaped for good (pro-social) or bad (anti-social) by those around us. * His findings for the power of the same sex role models suggest that Males influence boys and females influence girls. * Thus for a child to develop in a way which would make them pro-social, the child would need to be surrounded by pro-social models. * The study does not tell us anything about free-will (can we make our own judgements). Comment on the Generalisability of the findings from Banduras study (sampling) * The study was of 72 children with a mean age of 52 months, ranging from 37-69 months and 36 boys and 36 girls were in the sample. * A matched pair design was then used with 24 children in each of the 3 conditions. * The question remains, were these children representative?.. * The sample is relatively small, especially when it is broken down into 3 groups. This might mean that there was a likelihood of biases in the sample or that not all types of children would be included in the group. * The children were volunteers (self-selected sample). The danger with this type of sample is that subjects who volunteer or who belong to families who volunteer them may have some personality characteristic or may be from a social group or location which is not representative of children as a whole. * The children were from the USA. Would the findings have been the same for all cultures. Some cultures have a norm of non-violence (Amish People) where as the USA is a very violent society (ethno-centrism). The study was done in (1961) are the findings still generalisable to children today? How could you make sample more generalisable? * Bigger (more representative) * Random (less likely patterns of bias) * Variety Cultures (more representative) * Variety of locations (more representative) * Variety of age ranges (more representative) * Are the finding representative of all ages? How did Bandura investigate development / How has development been investigated. * Bandura used an experiment to investigate child development. * The experiment was lab-based (Procedures + Conditions standard) * The study had 2 experimental conditions and control groups. * Subjects were allocated to groups following a matched pair design. * The IV was whether the subjects observed aggression or non-aggressive play. * The DV was the level of aggressive play which was imitative. * Bandura collected the data by observation. * So Bandura used scientific methods to investigate development. What does Banduras study tell us about the influence of other people on our behaviour the nature/nurture debate. * Bandura constructed his theory of Social Learning (Social Learning Theory) * His experiments with aggression and the bobo doll form a key piece of evidence which supports this model/theory. * The theory is a social determinism in that it only recognises that our behaviour is the product of our social environment. There is not reference to free-will or individuality. * We learn our behaviour by observation of significant to us (Peers, Parents, teachers, media, sports stars). * We are also much more likely to model ourselves on same sex role models. * Thus the main findings of Banduras study would support the nurturist view of human behaviour. * However, the findings are with young children, would adults be influenced in the same way it is unlikely. * Some children showed non-imitative aggression this might suggest that they were innately aggressive (nature) * Problems of generalisability. What are the implications for society of Banduras study? * Banduras study showed how simple it is for young children 52 months (37-69months) average age to learn from another person. * From the research it would suggest that that person must be an adult and of the same sex. * The study showed that even an anti-social behaviour can be learned in this way. * These findings would suggest that as a society we must take great care about the examples we set our children and great care over who we set-up as role models for children. * Parents need to be aware of the power of role models on young children. The media has a very important role as there are many potential role models on TV and films which children watch. The media has a very important role as there are many potential role models on TV and films which children watch. The media must put forward pro-social role models for children. So must the world of sport. Children must not watch films etc after the 9.00 OClock watershed. Video games should be made less aggressive so that children do not model their behaviour on anti-social characters. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Banduras study. Strengths: * Was an experiment which used scientific methods it could, therefore, show a cause and effect relationship and the results are of a high status. * The study was lab-based so that Bandura and his colleagues could control all extraneous variables and standardise conditions for all of the subjects as necessary. Also easy to repeat. * The study used a matched pair design so that any comparisons made between groups would be based on groups of subjects who were much the same in terms of their aggression levels. * Bandura used a control group which could act as a point of comparison or as a base-line to measure the other group against. * Bandura used observations of subjects so that actual behaviour was measured and not recorded / reported behaviour such as in questionnaires. * Bandura also used a team of observers and checked the inter-observer reliability with a correlation test. The result was .90 very high. This showed that observers were collecting data in the same way. * Bandura standardised the role models by showing the role model on a film rather than in real life where each performance could be slightly different ? much harder to check imitative aggression levels. (later experiments) Weaknesses: * The lab may have low ecological validity. * The behaviour may not have been natural because of experimental demand. (they guessed that the experimenter wanted them to be aggressive). * The sample was relatively small and may have been unrepresentative of wider populations. * The sample was made-up of volunteers. There may have been biased in some way because volunteers or their parents might have some personality characteristic which makes them prone to modelling behaviour. * The sample were children from the USA. A very violent society. Are the findings biased or representative of other cultures. * The use of a bobo doll was artificial. Children are bound to play in an aggressive manner with such a toy it is designed to do so. Would the children do the same in a real life situation with a real person. * Ethics: Bandura may have harmed children by teaching them to play aggressively and an adult playing aggressively may have frightened some children.

Massive assault weapons essays

Massive assault weapons essays Under the Clinton administration, on September 13, 1994, domestic gun manufacturers were required to stop production of semi-automatic assault weapons and ammunition clips holding more than 10 rounds except for military or police use. In 2004, this bill was up for renewal, but the Bush administration immediately shot it down without plans of re-writing it. In April of 2005, the bill was re-written, but never made it to the senate floor. This failure to re-ban assault weapons allows regular citizens to purchase, and in many states, conceal semi-automatic weapons such as Uzis, Galil, SWD-Ms, Tec-9s, and many other extremely dangerous weapons. These weapons serve no practical purpose in America. They were distinctively created for the use of attacking large amounts of people, and causing mass fatalities. Using these weapons for self defense or hunting is completely impractical. At the same time, these weapons have the highest level of street resale, (being bought by one person, and then selling the weapons to another), then any other guns. Although illegal, this practice is widely used, and many weapons end up going to the street gangs. Speculations on why the assault weapons ban was not renewed are varied. The President, and many other conservatives, said that the bill was not written efficiently, but at the same time it kept all assault weapons from being purchased legally. It should be noted that assault weapons bring in high profits for weapons manufacturers, many whom made large contributions to the Bush campaign. Using a combination of images of the assault weapons now made legal, interviews with experts in the field of weaponry, file footage of the President and news stories, interviews with experts and hunters explaining the impracticality of using assault weapons for hunting, and skits (humorous but with a serious point), I plan to show that the releasing of the assault weapons ...

Global Investments- Portfolio Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Investments- Portfolio Building - Essay Example Modern Portfolio Theory developed by Nobel Prize winner Professor Harry Markowitz demonstrates how the risk-adjusted returns of a portfolio can be improved by diversification of investments across assets with varied correlations. This paper takes this theory philosophy, and it will be the foundation in which portfolios will be constructed (Riley, 21-38). Considering that investment management involves much of art as science, qualitative considerations will play a critical role in this portfolio development (Reilly, 47). Precise distinctions among asset classes is subjective, therefore no clear distinctions exists. Returns and correlations are difficult to forecast, though historical data may provide a guide, which will be modified to incorporate structural changes and compensate for anomalous periods. Taking into account the prevailing market conditions, this paper makes the below judgment on market returns and their associated risks. Mixing the above assets will produce a real return of 11.5%, with an expected growth of 6.3% annually, and a standard deviation (risk) of 10.2%. Available resources for current operations will utter the purchase power of assets, and this pushes this impacts investment policy. The above mix of assets is defined by their differences expected in their response to economic conditions, among them price inflation, interests rates and economic growth. Over the past few decades, most of the University’s endowment funds invested highly on US marketable securities, and were there core factors in their investments. Taking into account the prevailing economic times, this paper finds that it will be wiser to commit some of it assets to developed markets outside the United State with a percentage of 6.5% and a standard deviation of 14.3%. These markets are given preference taking into account the globalization of trade, where these markets operate

Weekly ass. #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly ass. #2 - Essay Example There are instances when a member resorts to social loafing or free riding when he/she perceives that his/her individual performance will not be assessed (Forsyth 294). Lastly, the group becomes unproductive when some members constantly complain. The group allots a bulk amount of its time in addressing member’s complaints instead of generating ideas and executing plans (Wong). I witnessed how such behaviors negatively affected a group I once a member of. A teacher of a particular subject asked us to group ourselves through counting off from 1 to 5, and then asked all number 1 to be a group, and 2, 3 and so on. I noticed that a member of our group keeps on complaining about the conflict of his schedule with our group meeting. He always disagrees with ideas or plans of action presented in the group. However, he failed to present any idea that the group can pursue. These negative behaviors have reduced morale and productivity of the

Understanding Applicable rates and charges for shipments for budgeting Case Study

Understanding Applicable rates and charges for shipments for budgeting - Case Study Example This is so in cases when there is a breakdown in technological forms available (Judge). For ease in determination of shipment rates and charges for the sake of effectiveness in the determined rates, it is important that the products be in the first instance classified. Classification is vital to help in the determination of optimum total charges. Optimal total shipment charges helps the shippers minimize the charges as much as possible, it also facilitates reclassification by carriers of the shipment hence submission of very different freight bills that indicates higher amounts. The classifications above are done based on the data as presented by the National Motor Freight Classification standards which are mainly used by many less than truckload(LTL) to help them in determining freight rates and total charges. Eagle electronics just like any other company operating in the highly competitive market would always wish to minimize costs as much as possible to maximize revenue. Eagle electronic would automatically go for the cheaper cost, which is that of consolidated cost at 32.55 as opposed to the individual cost 106.5. This is, therefore, the choice assuming there is no extra cost to be incurred by NT Trucking. In scenarios of transportation through shipments, there are fixed charges and flexible charges. These charges are at the same time affected by other variable charges among which we have the minimum charge. Minimum charge is derived from the minimum weight calculations to qualify for truckload classification. This weight appears as its own column in the NMFC so that the cost increases with the enlargement of the minimum weight hence qualification for the TL just after TLT qualifications. This is from the principle that lower classifications fetches lower freight charges hence minimum costs

A Comparison of Two Types of Display Advertisements Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Two Types of Display Advertisements Essay Advertising is all around us, we cannot avoid it, in the car on the street the train and the Internet, even in aeroplanes. Advertisements are around us in every type of media: television, radio and the written word, it is everywhere. It is one of the most influential factors in our lives and effects the way we think about companies and their products. For example the new Jaguar X-Type television adverts are aimed at the younger X Generation so to interest high earning young men and women. Display advertising comprises of images and text and would be found on billboards, magazines and in shop windows among other places. The images and text are purposefully arranged to persuade us to associate the product with a certain lifestyle. Obviously not all types of advertising appeal to everyone, so target audience is essential in portraying the image of the product and quality. I will be comparing two display advertisements, both of which are from the January 2002 issue of the new technologies magazine T3. Both advertisements are for new electronic devices, a flat screen television from Samsung and the digital camcorder made by Sony. In the following comparison, you will be able to see the way these advertisements effect our lives and the products we buy. In the Samsung advertisement, there is a blurred image of a businessman standing alone on a tropical beach. His trousers are rolled up and he has a jacket slung casually over his shoulder. This man is obviously an executive businessman with a high paying job, the reason for this, I believe, is that you would have to earn a lot of money to have enough disposable income to afford the product. The man is relaxing on the beach looking out towards the sea to give an impression of freedom. He is standing casually portraying an image of complete relaxation, carelessness and mellowness. There are no props in the image to add to the felling of simplicity. All this is very much in contrast with the Sony camcorder advertisement. The Sony advertisement there is an image of a man skydiving with another person filming him with the product, the digital camcorder. The man skydiving has a look of exhilaration and elation upon his face, all of this adds to the image of the product giving you a fast paced and exciting lifestyle. This advertisement is a bit of a lie though; it would be practically impossible to shoot the man skydiving and would cost far too much. So Sony have employed another company that sell images and bought an image of a man skydiving and then the graphic designers would have superimposed the image of a hand holding the product. This gives the image of the man actually being recorded while skydiving. In the Sony advertisement the image on the LCD screen of the product is a big close up of the skydiver. This type of camera angle was used to create an intimate relationship with the target audience, also it creates an image of an in your face and raw, full on lifestyle. Outside of the image of the mans face it is a long shot because you can see the skydivers whole body, however apart from the skydiver and the other persons hand, which is a close up, there is a lot of white space, in this example the sky. The person holding the camcorder is in full focus but the rest of the advertisement is slightly blurred, this makes the product stand out. There are two slogans Shoot it, Send it, Pull Ripcord which is a three part list and an imperative and go create, which is an imperative. The first slogan is solely for the camcorder and is positioned in the top left which is the first thing you would look at, secondly the universal Sony slogan in the bottom right, the last thing you would look at. The slogans are in very understated fonts very similar to Arial, Times New Roman or Tahoma; this plays down the slogans and putting emphasis on the skydiver. In the Samsung television advertisement we find that the camera angle is a long shot of the businessman and the beach, this adds to the impression of ease a complete lack of cares in the world this product could create. The only clear and crisp part of the advertisement is the image of the product: the flat screen television, this helps to promote the product as you look at the advertisement. The product slogan mix business with pleasure is positioned in the top right but is in a larger font than the Sony advertisement so that it occupies a much larger area of the advertisement. It is in a very rounded font similar to Square 721 Cn BT to add to the relaxed feel of the advertisement. Mix business with pleasure is a play on words and a two part contrast. Also in the Samsung Electronics advertisement there is the universal Samsung slogan: Samsung Digitall, everyones invited this is a two part contrast and an imperative. This advertisement is not as interestingly arranged and the universal Samsung Electronics slogan is not linked in with the product whereas the Sony advertisement has a series of circles showing what the product can do and in the final circle is the slogan. Because we in class only had black and white photocopies of the advertisements I cannot comment on the use of colour. In the Sony advertisement the whole feel of the image is one of a fast paced and action packed lifestyle, this however is in complete contrast with the Samsung television advertisement which is laid back and relaxed. The use of connecting the product to a certain type of lifestyle is used in almost all display advertisements and changes the passer bys perception of the product and company. Peter Atkin Sunday 31st March 2002 A Comparison of Two Types of Display Advertisements.

Role of Organic Geochemistry in Petroleum

Role of Organic Geochemistry in Petroleum A review on role of organic geochemistry in petroleum;  characterization and applications of different basins Harish Chandra Joshi Abstract Petroleum is a mixture dominantly of hydrocarbons with varying proportions of non-hydrocarbon constituents and traces of organometallic compounds. Generally Petroleum has an average composition of 85% carbon, 13% hydrogen, and 2% of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. The aim of study is to find out the physicochemical and genetic property of petroleum. In this study biomarkers, age specific biomarker and reservoir geochemistry can be used for the characterization, correlation and/ or reconstruction of the depositional environment as micro and macro fossils used by the geochemist. Keywords: Biomarker, Genetic Characterisation, Kerogen, Geochemical Fossils. Introduction The name geochemistry was first used by the Swiss chemist, Christian Friedrich Schonbein in 1838. Petroleum geochemistry is the application of chemical principles to the study of the origin, migration, accumulation, and alteration of Petroleum (oil and gas) and the use of this knowledge in exploring and recovering Petroleum. Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the distribution and composition of carbon compounds. Geochemistry is the study of the chemical composition of the earth, minerals, ores, rocks and also is the study of the origin of petroleum. The major tasks of geochemistry can be summarized as follows: The study of the relative and absolute abundances of the elements and of the atomic species (isotopes) in the earth. The study of the distribution and migration of individual elements in the various parts of the earth (the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere etc.), and in mineral and rocks, with the object of discovering their distribution and migration. Exploration companies have used petroleum geochemistry in hydrocarbon exploration. The most and major objective of exploration geochemistry, is to reduce the risk of drilling dry holes. Petroleum geochemistry is based on the organic origin of the oil and gas whereby organic matter obtained from dead plants and animals. Organic matter is converted to hydrocarbons in the subsurface through various major three stages of transformations diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis. German scientist Treibs (1936) reveal a relationship between chlorophyll-a in living photosynthetic organisms and porphyrins in Crudes of petroleum. This link provides a strong evidence of organic origin of Petroleum. From the starting of the Precambrian till the Devonian, the unique primary producer of the organic matter were marine phytoplanktons. Since the Devonian an increasing amount of primary production has been contributed by higher terrestrial plants. At present cenario marine phytoplankton and higher terrestrial are estimated to produce about equal amounts of organic carbon. On increases the burial depth, porosity and permeability decrease, and temperature increases. Thus lead to the change a gradual halting of microbial activity and thus eventually called ‘organic diagenesis to a halt. As the temperature rises, thermal reactions become increasingly. This second transformation phase, called catagenesis, during the catagenesis kerogen begins to decompose into smaller, more mobile molecules. In the early stage of catagenesis, kerogens are still relatively large; these are precursors for petroleum and are called â€Å"bitumen†. In the late stages and final transfo rmation stage, called ‘metagenesis’. During metagenesis the principal products consist of smaller gas molecules. Further, kerogens formed from different organic matter, or under different diagenetic conditions, are chemically clear which has a significant effect on hydrocarbon generation. Characterization of crude oil by Analytical Methods Firstly sampling of crude oils is required for their characterization. Oil should be collected as a single- phase sample under pressure conditions as they are in reservoir. Therefore for the geochemical studies, crude oil samples are collected at the well head under atmospheric pressure. Under these conditions light hydrocarbons of crude oils are lost completely or partly. Light hydrocarbon fraction gives the ideas only about the abundance and constituents of the light end of the oil. It is normally observed that the most abundant characteristics hydrocarbons are commonly in the light fraction. For required minimizing the effects of sampling error the crude oil is distilled at 2100C. The heavier fraction is considered the foremost part of the crude oil. It is used to describe the chemical composition of a crude oil and also to compare it with other crude oils. Analytical Techniques in Petroleum Exploration Petroleum system (Demaison, 1994; Hunt, 1996) comprise all those geological elements and processes that are necessary for an oil and gas deposit to occur in nature. These main elements are a petroleum source rock, migration paths, reservoir rocks, seals, traps and the geological approach that design each of them. Such systems involve a genetic relationship between the source rock and the petroleum accumulations, but proof of that relation force a geochemical correlation. organic geochemistry techniques available include surface geochemical prospecting, source rock geochemistry, crude oil geochemistry, natural gas geochemistry, biomarker geochemistry, isotope geochemistry etc. Biomarkers in Petroleum Biological marker or shortened to Biomarkers (Seifert and Moldowan, 1981) are complex molecules derived from once living organisms they are found in sediments and oil and show little change in structure from their parent molecules (Peters Moldowan, 1993 and Hunt, 1996). These compounds are also called as geochemical fossils (Eglinton and Cavin, 1967) because of their origin from living organisms. Such compounds may be derived from terrestrial (mostly plants, marine pelagic (mostly plankton) and marine benthonic (algae, bacteria and other microbes). Biomarkers are generally, microfossils less than 30 nm in diameter and are highly variable in their stereochemistry i.e. the spatial arrangement of atoms and groups in their molecules. The common use of the biomarkers in petroleum exploration may be enumerated as follows: Biomarkers are present in both and oil a source rocks so they provide vital information for the oil-oil and oil-source correlation. Organic matter type (source of organic facies) Depositional environment Extent of thermal maturation Degree of biodegradation Information about the age of the source rock ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² Geometry of Biomarkers Steranes obtain from the diagenesis of natural products sterols. Diagenesis converts sterol via chemical dehydration and microbial reduction to a steranes cholestane. Cholestane molecule is drawn in three dimensions as follows. The hydrogen at the 3 position points up above the plane of the molecule and that at the 5 position points down below the plane (Peters and Moldowan 1993) Commonly Used Biomarkers in Petroleum Exploration Normal Alkanes: Normal alkanes are a homologues series of saturated hydrocarbons of general formula CnH2n+2. All linear n-alkanes from C1 to C40 and a few beyond C40 derived from different sources have been identified in crude oils. Iso- and Anteiso-alkanes: Isoalkanes are 2-methyl alkanes and quite a number of these have been observed in crude oils as have been the anteiso-alkanes, the 3-methlyalkanes. Iso and anteiso alkanes are associated with n-alkanes in plant waxes where they comprise a approximate number of carbon atoms (about 25-31) with an odd predominance Figure 1. Showing common biomarkers like paraffins, Iso and ante-isoalkane Acyclic Isoprenoid: These are special type of Iso-alkanes in which one methyl group is attached to every fourth carbon atom in straight. Isoprene (methyl butadiene) is the basic structural unit composed of carbon atoms that is found in all biomarkers. The most common isoprenoids are pristane (C19) and Phytane (C20). Figure 2. Common Isoprenoid biomarkers in petroleum Terpenoids: Terpenoids can be classified based on structural types into diterpenoids and triterpenoids Diterpenoids are categorized into bicyclic and tricyclic diterpenoids. Triterpenoids are grouped into tetra and pentacyclic. The most knowing are pentacyclic and among these are hopanes. Hopanes are pentacyclic triterpenoids comprised of four 6-membered and one 5-membered ring. There is a side chain which can contain upto 8 carbon atoms. Thus the series comprise of C27-C35 hopanes. They are believed to have originated from polyhydroxybacteriohopane. Figure 3. Structures of Common Triterpanes Figure 4. Structures of Common Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Terpanes Steranes: Steroids can be classified as aliphatic and aromatic steroids (mono, di- and tri-aromatic depending on the number of aromatic rings). Steranes are a series of aliphatic steroids. The sterols in all eukaryotic organisms are precursors to the steranes in sediments and petroleum. Like the hopanes, steranes are abundant in sediments, rocks and petroleum, because their precursors (Sterols) are so common in living organisms. Cholesterol has eight asymmetric centers and might be expected to show as many as 28 or 256 stereoisomers. Figure 5. Chemical Structure of various steroids Porphyrins: Porphyrins are characterized by a tetrapyrrolic nucleus proved to be inherited from chlorophyll, the green photosynthetic pigment of plants and animals ,hemin, the red pigment of animal blood. These tetrapyrrolic organometallic compounds reported of the vanadium and nickel in petroleum. The major types of fossil porphyrin are deoxophylloerytrapyrrole (DPEP) and etioporphyrin (ETIO) porphyrin structure. Age specific biomarkers If biomarkers characterise a molecular record of life, they can be used for age determination. Certain age specific biomarkers like Oleanane present in oils derived from late Cretaceous or Younger. C11-C19 Paraffins, Odd carbon number prevalence in oil from many Ordovician sources. 24-n-propylcholestane, High in oils from Ordovician sources.Thus the biomarkers transport to the sources has proved to be of great help in geochemical characterization of the oils/condensates. Reservoir Geochemistry The main aim of reservoir geochemistry is to understand the distribution and origin of the petroleum, water and minerals in the reservoir and account for their possible spatial and compositional variation (Cubitt and England 1995). A better understanding of the fluids in the reservoir conduct to a better understanding in an area and prioritization of exploration thrusts. The principle factors responsible for difference in petroleum composition are the effect of organic facies variations, progressive source rock maturation, migration fractionation, gravity segregation, oil/water contact and non-uniform biodegradation of oil across the field. However these effects have been normalized by using ratios of peaks corresponding to compounds of similar molecular weight in the C10+ region of the chromatogram. The study of reservoir continuity is also the focus of the geochemical characterization to trace the nature and depositional conditions of the source organics, identification of the oil families and thermal maturity of the oils/condensates. When a set of chromatographic peaks has been selected, a variety of techniques are available for grouping of this data. One way is to use a polar plot of selected ratios by a star diagram (polygon plot) by plotting each peak ratio on a different axis of polar plot. Each data point is plotted from the centre of the concentric circles outward. The points are then connected to create a star shaped pattern characteristic of each oil. Applications of geochemical characterisation Biomarker and non-biomarker geochemical parameters are best used together to supply the most authentic geological interpretations to help solve exploration, enlargement, production and environmental problems. Prior to biomarker work, oil and rock samples are properly screened using non biomarker analyses. The strength of biomarker parameters is that they provide more detailed information needed to answer questions about the source rock depositional environment, thermal maturity and the biodegradation of oils than non-biomarker analyses alone. Different depositional environments are characterized by different assemblages of organisms and biomarkers. Commonly accept classes of organisms include bacteria, algae, and higher plants. Biomarker parameters are also an effective means to determine the relative maturity of petroleum through the entire oil-generative window. Conclusion On the basis of above observation major conclusions which have been derived from the whole study are as follows: The presence of complete range of normal alkanes upto nC36 and in some cases upto nC40. The presence of biomarker in oil indicates that oil may be terrestrial or marine. The terrestrial nature of the source is also strongly indicated by the steranes. Reservoir geochemistry of oils has been used to demonstrate the lateral/vertical continuity/compartmentalization. References: Bhandari, A., Prasad, I.V.S.V., Kapoor, P.N., Varshney, Meenu, Madhavan, A.K.S., Pahari, S. and Singh, R.R., 2008. Depositional environment, distribution of source rocks and geochemistry of oil and gases, Krishna-Godavari Basin, Journal of Applied Geochem., Vol. 10 (1) pp 17-31 Bhandari, A., Prasad, I.V.S.V., and Dwivedi, Prabhakar, 2007. Stratigraphic distribution of hydrocarbons in the Sedimentary Basins of India. Symposium in Applied Geochemistry in the evaluation and management of onshore and offshore Geo sources. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 9 (1) pp 48-73. Bhatnagar, A.K., Goswami, B.G., Rawat, G.S., Singh, Harvir and Singh, R.R., 2009. Geochemical characterization and reservoir fingerprinting to assess reservoir continuity in oils of Heera and South Heera fields, western offshore basin, India, Petrotech 2009 New Delhi. Cubitt, J.M., England, W.A., 1995. The Geochemistry of Reservoirs. The Geological Society London, pp 321. Demaison, G.J and Huizinga, B.J., 1994. Genetic classification of petroleum systems using three factors: charge, migration and entrapment. In: The Petroleum system – From source to trap (L.B. Morgan and W.G. Dow, eds), American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, pp. 73-89. Didyk, B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T.,Brassel, S.C and Eglinton, C., 1978. Organic Geochemical indicators of pale environmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature 272, pp 216-222. Eglinton, G and Calvin, M., 1967. Chemical fossils. Scl. Am. 216, pp 32-43 Hunt, J.M., 1979. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp 617. Hunt, J.M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. Pandey, I.P., Joshi, H.C., Tyagi, Ashish Tiwari, Sadhana and Garg, Nitika, 2012. Study of the Parameters and Bio-Markers of Crude oils. Advances in Pure and Applied Chemistry, World Science Publisher, New York, United States, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp 49-53. Mackenzie, A.S., 1984. Application of biological markers in Petroleum Geochemistry, In Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry, Vol. 1, (J. Brooks and D.H. Welte, eds) Academic Press, London, pp 115-214. Mackenzie, A.S., Patience, R.L., Maxwell, J.R., Vandenbroucke, M and Durand B., 1980.Molecular parameters of maturation in the Toarcian shales, Paris Basin, France-1. Change in the configuration of acyclic isoprenoid alkanes, steranes, and terpanes. Geochimicaetcosmochimica Acta, 44, 1709- 1721. Peters, K.E., 1997. Modern Geochemical Tools for efficient exploration and Development, O.G.C.I. Training report, Oct. 20924, Mussoorie, India. Peters, K.E. and Fowler, M.G., 2002. Application of Petroleum Geochemistry to Exploration and reservoir management. Org. Geochem. Vol 33, pp 5-36. Peters, K.E. and Moldowan, J.M., 1993. The biomarker guide interpreting Molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments, Prantice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ., U.S.A. Seifert, W.K. and Moldowan, J.M., 1978. Application of steranes, terpanes and Monoaromatics to the maturation, migration and source of oil. Geochem. Cosmochim., Acta 42, pp 77-95 Seifert, W.K. and Moldown, J.M., 1979. The effect of biodegradation on steranes and Terpanes in crude oil. Geochem. Cosmochim., Acta 43, pp 111-126. Seifert, W.K. and Moldown, J.M., 1980. The effect of thermal stress on source rock quality as Measured by hopane stereochemistry.Physics and chemistry of the earth, 12, pp 229-237. Smith,H.M., 1940. Correlation index to aid in interpretin crude oil analysis. U.S. Bureau of Mines, tech. Paper:610. Tissot, B.P. and welte, D.H., 1978. Pertoleum formation and Occurrence, Springer- Verlag, New York, pp. 699. Tissot, B.P and welte, D.H., 1978. Pertoleum formation and Occurrence, Springer- Verlag, Berlin. 22.Treibs, A., 1963. Chlorophyll and hemin derivatives in organic mineral substances. Angewandte Chemie, 49, pp 682-686. 1

Essay --

According to Niccolo Machiavelli’s, The Prince, there are five traits that make up a successful leader. The five traits that are necessary in determining a leader’s success involve being feared, being virtuous, having the support of the people, having intelligence and the use of arms. In this paper, I will argue that the Duke Vincentio of William Shakespeare’s, Measure for Measure, is an ineffective leader because he loses virtue acting deceitful and spying on his subjects as a friar. Also, when he realizes that his people do not fear him, he allows for Angelo to come so that he can win their respect by becoming the better option of the two. It is portrayed by his constant presence in the play as the friar, that instead of earning the support of his people, he treats them as puppets and himself as the master puppeteer. The people do not fear the Duke so he tries to win them over another way; he selfishly puts Angelo in power, knowing that Angelo’s faults will make the Duke look like a better leader. The duke is a soft ruler and cannot bring himself to punish his people when they commit a crime. When his loses the respect and fear of his people, he puts Angelo in charge of the people, knowing that he may not be fit for the task. The duke may have saw putting Angelo in power and dressing as a friar as a way to establish law and order in Vienna but still being the merciful leader he is known as. When the Duke asks Lord Angelo to take over, Angelo refuses and says that his skill must be tested some other way first. The Duke responds by saying: My haste may not admit it; Not need you, on mine honour, have to do With any scruple: your scope is as mine own, So to enforce or qualify the laws As to your soul seems good. Give me you... ...e is going to tell next to deceive his power. Throughout his presence in the play as the friar, the Duke is never recognized as his true self. This portrays an intelligent man, experienced in the art of scheming and lying. Niccolo Machiavelli would classify the Duke as an ineffective ruler because he fails to uphold virtue when constantly deceives his subjects. The duke may be intelligent in his scheming ways, but this is the only on of Machiavelli’s five traits that the Duke portrays throughout the play. His people does not fear the Duke Vincentio as Machiavelli believes a good leader should be and he tries to steal the respect of his people by putting a harsh ruler into power. His huge role in the play both as his role as the friar and the Duke, shows that instead of earning the support of his people, he treats them as puppets and himself as the master puppeteer.

Neoliberal Globalization Essay

In the article â€Å"Neoliberal Globalization† by Dan Clawson, the author contended that the advocates of neoliberalism tried to integrate this into globalization. He said that they are continuously attempting to make policies favorable to companies’ profits. Unfortunately, these do not make corresponding benefits and compensations to its workers that trigger labor crisis in the United States. Clawson further argued that neoliberalism should not be misunderstood as an inevitable phenomenon to accompanied globalization. Take for example the internet. Since the internet is a â€Å"powerful force† that connects people in one region to the world, it is also considered as the best contributor in globalization. In order to take that advantage, companies today tried to adapt a neoliberal perspective on the use of the internet to make more profit for themselves. Even so, the internet is for everyone in the world – whether a person has wealth and power or not. In addition to this, the concept of globalization of the internet is very different from the perspective of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on globalization. Their belief is to generate most profits for business, much to their interest. The neoliberals believe that the their version of globalization has generated many profits and has made individuals wealthy. Yes, businesses nowadays are indeed making more profit than before because of neoliberal strategies. However, the wealth has been distributed unequally; in other words, wealth has been concentrated in certain business people. Clawson demonstrates this wrong argument of neoliberals by providing two different economy periods namely, the welfare state and the neoliberal state. Clawson’s argument questioned why the average family income during the welfare state period was doubled compared to the slow increase during the neoliberalism period, given that the neoliberal oriented economy brought prosperity to the state. There was a noticable increase in income during the later period, but these increases were made by women workers and mostly distributed to the top people in the business. The Neoliberal version of globalization has then resulted in the continuous gap widening between the average workers and the top executives. With this, how does neoliberal globalization damage our economy? The damages are serious and concentrated in the working class population. The more international trade grows, the higher income inequality becomes. This causes more people to lose their jobs because of the companies’ decision to relocate to other countries to cut costs. Many of them relocate their manufacturing jobs to China and the service sector jobs to India. This is the main reason why most of the products we avail are from China, and the servicing jobs are in India. All of these are causes of the companies’ downsizing and the increased unemployment. Clawson proposed some solutions to the neoliberal form of globalization. He said that if the workers formed a union, the capital would be controlled, and there would be a decrease in the relocation. I agree with this thinking of Clawson. Abolishing the boundless rights corporations have in relocation is an effective way to maintain the workers’ rights. Unfortunately, the process was more complicated than what Clawson suggested. Another alternative was the regulation of labor conditions through organizations, such as the United Nations or the WTO. Clawson proposed that WTO should focus more on the workers’ rights and environment, and not only the company profits. WTO was established to protect organizational profits. If the right to regulate labor condition is granted to the WTO, there is a possibility that the WTO operate favorably to generate corporations’ profits. Clawson’s neoliberal version of globalization brought labor’s crisis in the United States. He demonstrated these by providing many case examples. However, his proposals did not address possible obstacles, which may follow as a result of those solutions or in the process of formulating those solutions.