Health Campaign Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Punk Rock and Green Day free essay sample

Green Day is underground Rock Punk stone characterized by word reference. Com is, a kind of awesome, arriving at its top in the late 1 backtalk and described by noisy, unyielding music and injurious or savage dissent verses, and whose entertainers and supporters are recognized by boundaries of dress and socially resistant conduct. By and by, the definition that individuals put to the word underground rock might be somewhat unique in relation to the genuine definition, yet the first definition despite everything is the foundation of underground rock. A band that stood out to me just like an underground rock band, even through all the analysis of them being a pop musical crew is Green Day. In my eyes they have made their punk ethos through their music. Green Day would perform and be seen with irregular garments when you consider underground rock. For instance, they act in formal outfits, which was strange for individuals to see. We will compose a custom exposition test on Underground Rock and Green Day or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It was extremely one of a kind, and it may not be actually what the first definition had characterized, however they proceeded with the pattern of underground rock by being unique and not by following what others have as of now done.That alone, their capacity to be hazardous and take a stab at something new, similar to their outfit, truly gives them their punk ethos in my eyes. Just as their extraordinary abhorring, they would likewise wear eyeliner and different embellishments that were diverse for their time, despite the fact that it was after the pinnacle underground rock time. Expressively, being portrayed as a pop musical gang implies their verses dont conflict with certain accepted practices, which I unequivocally differ with.For model, their tune Good Riddance was an unsafe move that lead them to more achievement. Be that as it may, during their time, no melody like that was ever made. The verses and the rhythm were totally different than every past melody. Likewise, collections like American Idiot in the title alone reject certain normal practices. Tunes, for example, Basket Case and Boulevard of Broken Dreams were so remarkable and were totally different than the music being delivered by other stone bands.Green Day doesn't actually follow a portion of the ass groups that made the underground rock development, yet Green Day was an alternate time but then they despite everything followed a portion of the thoughts that those groups in the ass were shaped by. To be reasonable, the more seasoned tunes of Green Day were increasingly acknowledged to be characterized as underground rock, however the band is as yet underground rock and they made a punk ethos by testing and being so not quite the same as others. Their visual appearance as never observed, their eyeliner was a truly recognizable change from the underground rock period, and their hair was one of a kind as well.Even without their looks, their music is significant and rejects the accepted practice Of their time. A portion Of their melodies are still right up 'til the present time one of a kind which is another motivation behind why Green Day is certainly underground rock. One of their celebrated collections, Doggie, is an ideal case of dismissing the accepted practice. Their melodies, even in the collection alone, are extraordinary and dont have a similar style as different groups. Green Day is certainly an underground rock band, and has made its own punk ethos from their looks and verses all through their time.

Trade, Money and Capital Free Essays

B. Exchange, MONEY AND CAPITAL Features of an advanced economy 1. †Specialization and division of work 2. We will compose a custom paper test on Exchange, Money and Capital or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now †Measure monetary qualities 3. †Stock of capital * Trade, specialization and division of work. * Specialization: happens when individuals and nations focus their endeavors on a specific arrangement of assignments, it allows every individual and nation to use to best bit of leeway the particular abilities and assets that are accessible. * Division of work: partitioning creation into various little particular advances or errand. * Specialization and exchange are the way to high expectations for everyday comforts. * Globalization: is utilized to mean an expansion in monetary mix among countries. Expanding mix is seen today in the sensational development in the gleams of merchandise, administrations, and fund across national outskirts. * Money: the oil of trade * Money: is the methods for installment as cash and checks used to purchase things. Oil that encourages trade. * Governments control the cash flexibly through their inside banks * Money is the mechanism of trade. Legitimate administration of the money related framework is one of the significant issues for government macroeconomic strategy in the nations. Capital * Capital: a delivered and solid info, which is itself a yield of the economy. It comprises of a huge and particular exhibit of machines, structures, PCs, programming, etc. * Capital must be delivered before you use it. * Growth from the penance of current utilization * Economic action includes swearing off current utilization to expand our capital. Each time we contribute we are improving the future profitability of our economy and expanding future utilization. * Capital and private property In a market economy, capital regularly is exclusive, and the pay structure capital goes to people. * Capital products additionally have showcase esteems, and individuals can purchase and sell the capital useful at whatever cost the merchandise will get. * The capacity of people to possess and benefit from capital is the thing that gives private e nterprise name. * While our general public is one based on private property, property rights are constrained (assessments and government) * Property rights for capital and contamination * Property rights characterize how people or firms can claim, purchase, sell, and utilize capital products and other property. A proficient and worthy legitimate structure for a market economy incorporates the meaning of clear property rights, the laws of agreements, and framework for arbitrating debates. C. THE VISIBLE HAND OF GOVERNMENT. * All products and ventures are intentional trade for cash at serious market costs that reflect customer valuation and social expenses. * No economy really adjusts absolutely to the romanticized universe of the easily working imperceptible hand. * Economic blemishes lead to such ills as contamination, joblessness, budgetary frenzies, and boundaries of riches and destitution. Governments work by expecting individuals to make good on charges, obey guidelines, and devour certain aggregate merchandise and ventures. * Government have 3 principle financial capacities in a market economy: * Increase effectiven ess (open products) * Promote value (charges) * Cultivate macroeconomic soundness and development (monetary development) * Efficiency * Perfect rivalry: Refers to a market in which no firm or shopper is sufficiently enormous to influence the market cost. * Imperfect rivalry: When purchaser or merchant can influence a good’s costs. Prompts costs that ascent above expense and to customer buys that are decreased underneath effective levels. Monopolist: a singles provider who alone decides the cost of specific great or administration. * Externalities * Externalities (or overflow impacts) happen when firms or individuals force expenses or advantages on others outside the commercial center. * Government guidelines are intended to control externalities like air and water contamination harm from strip mining, risky squanders, dangerous medications and nourishments, and radioactive materials. * Public Goods * Public products: are items, which can be appreciated by everybody, and structure, which nobody can be prohibited (national ba rrier). * Taxes The legislature must discover the incomes to pay for its open products and for its salary redistribution programs. * All degrees of government gather duties to pay for their spending. * Taxes are the value that we pay for open merchandise * They are automatic. * Equity * Markets don't really create a reasonable circulation salary. A market economy may create imbalances in pay and utilization that are no t satisfactory to the electorate. * The explanation is that livelihoods are controlled by a wide assortment of elements, including exertion, instruction, legacy, factor cost, and karma. To diminish pay imbalance: * Engage in dynamic tax assessment: charging enormous earnings at a higher rate than little wages. * Transfer installments: which are cash installments to individuals. * Macroeconomic development and solidness * Thanks John Maynard Keynes we realize how to control the most noticeably awful overabundance of business cycle. Via cautious utilization of financial a money related polices, governments can influence yield, business, and swelling * The financial polices of government include the ability to burden and the ability to pend. * Monetary approach includes deciding the flexibly of cash and loan fees. Macroeconomics polices for adjustment and financial development incorporate monetary polices alongside money related polices. * Mixed economy: in which the market decides yield and costs in most individual parts while government directs the general economy with projects of tax collection, spending, and money related guideline. * The ascent of the government assistance state * Laissez-faire (disregard us): holds that legislature ought to meddle as somewhat as conceivable in financial issues and leave monetary choices to the private dynamic of purchasers and venders. Government assistance state: is one un which markets direct the point by point exercises of everyday financial life while government manages social conditions and gives benefits, medicinal services, and different necessities for poor families. * The blended eco nomies. * The accomplishment of market economies may lead individuals to neglect the significant commitment of aggregate activities. * The devices of financial aspects are vital to assist social orders with finding the brilliant mean between an effective market system and openly choose guideline and redistribution * The great blended economy is perforce the constrained blended economy The most effective method to refer to Trade, Money and Capital, Papers

Reasons for a Dysfunctional Family Essay

Explanations behind if there should arise an occurrence of useless families/kid misuse + disregard * Drugs/liquor * Parents leaving children to fight for themselves * Less having a place with temples + moral life exercises * Parent partition + separate * Baby reward may urge individuals to have kids for an inappropriate reasons What are simply the beneficial outcomes of a positive (decent) confidence? ]Positive standpoint Positive contemplations Great confidence level Great certainty Fearlessness 1. Fearlessness is the conviction or feeling that an individual has about themselves, which helps them to accomplish throughout everyday life. The advancement of fearlessness might be affected by culture, condition, age, capacity, educational encounters, sexual orientation, child rearing desires. 2. The variables that may add to the positive or negative improvement is a poor viewpoint, poor self-perception, useless family. Your way of life, condition, age, capacity, beneficial encounters, sexual orientation, child rearing desires. 3. The view of gentility and manliness on an individual’s improvement of self-assurance is solid sexual orientation groupings and generalizations can cause â€girls specifically to feel not as much as young men. In certain societies, even in our own, females are driven into a lesser mental state, not having the option to accomplish so a lot. 4. An) Achieves poor scholastics †negative B) Struggles to make companions †negative C) Takes on new difficulties †positive D) Feels great about their accomplishments †positive Heredity 1. Heredity is the variety in singular development and improvement is somewhat an aftereffect of heredity or hereditary elements. Qualities add to contrasts among guys and females and between people of a similar sexual orientation. They likewise add to the likenesses between individuals. Tolerating physical appearance and contrast, alongside other acquired attributes, is a significant piece of advancement. Qualities legitimately decide an individual’s hair, skin and eye shading, and certain wellbeing conditions. Heredity likewise affects other individual qualities, including stature, weight, and even character. Body shape is to a great extent constrained by hereditary attributes and, in spite of the fact that it might be modified by elements, for example, diet and exercise, it can't be drastically changed. 2. The variables that may affect emphatically or contrarily on an individual’s advancement through heredity are: Positive †olive skin doesn’t become flushed, great wellbeing, tall, quick digestion Negative †acquired disarranges/ailments, light complexion consume effectively, short, slow digestion †inclined to weight gain effectively, sedate/liquor †negative qualities (for example fetal liquor condition), physical appearance that draws negative consideration from peers, sensitivities (for example beestings, peanuts, grasses and so forth.) Condition Condition alludes to the outside (pressures) factors that impact an individual’s advancement. Natural impacts on people change as they travel through their life cycle. Model †Baby is affected by family, a kid is impacted by youngster care/grandparents/carers, kid/adolescent is affected by companions and instructors at school. * Low financial family * Unhappy/unsatisfied guardians (furious family unit, absence of consideration, youngster might be substitute, low regard) * Loving, secure, stable family unit

Standard Chart of Accounts Explained

Standard Chart of Accounts Explained Numbers provide a great way of summarizing information in a way that it can be quickly understood.This is especially useful in the business world where all sorts of information are presented using numbers.In fact, the whole profession of accounting revolves around summarizing company information into easy-to-understand numbers.One of the tools that is commonly used by accountants to provide a summary of a company’s financial power is the chart of accounts.Unfortunately, a lot of people do not understand this important accounting tool.In this article, we will take an in-depth look at the chart of accounts to understand what it is, what it does and how to design one.WHAT IS A CHART OF ACCOUNTS? The term “chart of accounts” (COA) refers to a list that contains all the accounts that a company uses to record transactions in its general ledger.An account in this case refers to a unique record for each type of the company’s revenue, expense, equity, assets, and liability.The chart o f accounts usually lists the account type, a brief description of the account, the account balance, and an identification code for the account. This information is typically represented in the order by which the accounts are represented in the company’s financial statements.It includes balance sheet accounts as well as income statement accounts. The typical order is balance sheet accounts at the top, with the income statement accounts following.The purpose of a COA is to organize the company’s finances, segregating its expenditures, revenue, assets, and liabilities in order.This orderly listing makes it easier for stakeholders and other interested parties to understand the company’s financial health.It is also an important tool for analyzing a company’s past transactions and using historical data to forecast its future trends.The standard chart of accounts usually contains two main categories â€" balance sheet accounts and income statement accounts â€" which are then further subdivided by account type.The following are the various types of balance sheet accounts:AssetsLiabilities,Stockholders’ or owner’s equity.The income statement, on the other hand, contains the following accounts:Operating revenuesOperating expensesNon-operating revenues gainsNon-operating expenses losses.A well-designed COA achieves two things: it satisfies management’s information needs, and it enables the company to comply with financial reporting standards.The format of a chart of accounts allows a business to tailor its chart of accounts to best suit its unique needs.For instance, accounts in the categories of “operating revenues” and “operating expenses” can be further organized according to business function as well as company divisions.Since it is a flexible financial organization tool, there is no standard length of a chart of accounts.Its length will naturally depend on the company’s size, with larger companies having a larger and more complex chart of ac counts compared to smaller companies.For instance, a large, multinational company that has many divisions may need to list thousands of accounts whilst a local retailer may require as few as one hundred accounts.Depending on the sophistication of the company, the COA may either be paper-based or computer-based.STRUCTURE OF A CHART OF ACCOUNTSLike I mentioned above, the chart of accounts is a flexible financial organization tool, so you will seldom find a company that has the exact same charts of accounts as another company.Each company will develop its own COA based on its own unique factors, such as the volume of business, the nature of the business, the need for external parties to go through the company’s financial information, and so on.That said, there is still a common structure that you will find on most charts of accounts.Accounts in a COA are typically listed in the order by which they appear in the financial statements.For that reason, balance sheet accounts are typicall y listed first, with the income statement accounts following.The typical structure of a Chart of Accounts is, therefore, something that looks like this:Balance Sheet AccountsAssetsLiabilitiesOwner’s (Stockholders’) EquityIncome Statement AccountsThe Various Types of RevenuesThe Various Types of ExpensesSome organizations may also structure their COAs such that various expenses are separately listed by department, with each department having its own set of expense accounts.DIFFERENT ACCOUNT TYPES REPRESENTED IN A CHART OF ACCOUNTSSome of the different accounts that will typically be found on a standard chart of accounts include:Asset AccountsAn asset is a resource that contains economic value and is owned by the organization. Put simply, the term “assets” refers to what a company owns.Part of the value of assets stems from the expectation that they will provide future benefits. A company reports its assets in the balance sheet.When a company buys or creates an asset, this res ults in either an increase of the company’s value or a benefit to its operations.The best way to think of an asset is as something that might in future generate cash flow for the company, reduce its expenses, or increase sales.Examples of assets include land/property, machinery equipment, patents, cash, inventory, investments, buildings, furniture, vehicles, stock, and so on.There are two types of assets: current assets and fixed assets.Current assets are those you can easily convert into cash â€" they include cash, money in the bank, short-term deposits, stock, and marketable securities.Fixed assets are those you cannot readily convert into cash or cash equivalents. They are typically long-term/hard assets. Examples include buildings, patents, land, equipment, machinery, and trademarks.Liabilities AccountsA liability is, to put it simply, what the company owes to some other party (a bank, a person, another company).In other words, liabilities are the company’s legal financial obligations or debts that present themselves in the course of conducting business operations.To settle liabilities, the company has to transfer economic benefits such as money, goods or services to the other party.Basically, liabilities are the opposite of assets: while assets add value, liabilities reduce the company’s value.Liabilities are recorded on the right side of the balance sheet whilst assets are recorded on the left. Examples of liabilities include bank loans, mortgages, accounts payable, deferred revenues, accrued expenses, and so on.There are three main types of liabilities: current liabilities, non-current liabilities, and contingent liabilities.Current liabilities are short-term and are typically due/payable within one year. Examples include interest payable, accounts payable, bills payable, income taxes payable, short-term loans, accrued expenses, and bank overdrafts.Non-current/long-term liabilities are those that are due after a year or more. Examples include bon ds payable, deferred tax liabilities, mortgage payable, long-term notes payable, and capital lease.Contingent liabilities are those whose occurrence depends on a certain event. In other words, contingent liabilities are basically potential liabilities: they may or may not happen. For instance, if a company faces a lawsuit, it may or not be a liability â€" it depends on the outcome of the lawsuit.Accounting standards dictate that a company should only record contingent liabilities if the liability is probable and if it’s possible to reasonably estimate the amount. Examples of contingent liabilities include lawsuits and product warranties.Owner’s/Stockholders’ Equity AccountsThis is the third type of balance sheet account listed in the chart of accounts. It refers to financial capital which is sourced through investment by owners/shareholders.Financial capital is one of the key factors of production.Financial capital is absolutely necessary for any business to get off the ground . No business can operate without capital. Capital comes from two sources: debt and equity.Equity capital, unlike debt capital, is not repaid to stockholders/investors in the normal course of business.Equity capital is the risk capital staked by investors through purchasing a company’s common stock (ordinary shares).Put simply, equity capital is the funds a company generates from the sale of its stock.Owner’s equity is the funds owners inject into the business to finance its operations.For a private limited company, the owners are an entity separate from the business.In that case, the business is considered to owe the equity funds to its owners as a liability in form of share capital. Owner’s equity is also known as liable capital or risk capital.In a case where shareholders are the owners (public limited companies), the equity is known as shareholders’ equity.It refers to the ownership equity spread out amongst the company’s shareholders. Shareholders will vary in rank ac cording to their use of share classes and options.Should the company liquidate its assets, for instance due to bankruptcy, the first priority will be the creditors. The last to be paid will be the owners/shareholders.The accounting equation for owner’s equity is, therefore, the difference between a company’s assets and debt liabilities.The company can break down its shareholders’ equity into the following accounts: common stock, preferred stock, and retained earnings.Expenses AccountsThese accounts represent the company’s expenditures.An expense may be defined as the amount by which an asset reduces in value when it is used to generate revenue for a business.For instance, when the asset has been in use for an extended period of time, the expense that develops is known as depreciation.Examples of common expenses include cost of goods sold, rent, utilities, insurance, depreciation, wages, and utilities.Expenses are typically divided into two main types: operating expense and n on-operating expenses. Operating expenses are those that involve the business’s main/core activities.For instance, the operating expenses of a retailer include the cost of goods sold along with the selling, general, and administrative expenses.In a large company, these are typically sorted according to product line, department, and so on.Non-operating expenses are the expenses which do not involve the business’s main activities. They pertain to incidental/peripheral activities.For instance, a common non-operating expense encountered by retailers is interest expense.Other examples of non-operating expenses that will turn up on a retailer’s income statement include: commissions earned by the sales staff, rent, employee wages, advertising, and the cost of electricity.Revenue AccountsRevenue accounts display the earnings/incomes the company accrues during a specific period. Common examples include sales, interest income, and service revenue.Discounts and deductions for returned me rchandise are also included as part of the business’s revenues.A better definition of revenues is the income a business generates from selling goods or providing services, or from any other use of its capital or assets.This is before the deduction of costs and expenses.Revenue is typically represented as the top item in a profit and loss (income) statement.Net income is determined by subtracting the costs from the gross income.You calculate revenue by multiplying the price per unit by the number of units sold. Revenue may also be referred to as sales or (in the UK) turnover.In a large company, revenue can be subdivided according to the various divisions that generate it.Revenue may also be divided into operating revenue and non-operating revenue.Operating revenue is the sales the company makes from its core business.Non-operating revenue refers to the sales the company makes from other secondary sources.Since non-operating revenues source are typically not predictable or recurring , they are termed one-time events or gains.Examples include proceeds from selling an asset, money awarded for winning a lawsuit, a windfall from investments, and so on.HOW TO NUMBER ACCOUNTS IN A CHART OF ACCOUNTSAccounts in a standard chart of accounts are organized according to a numerical system.The numbering sets up the structure of the accounts and assigns specific codes to the various general ledger accounts.The account number typically involves three key components: the division code, the department code, and the account code.Division CodeThis is usually a 2-digit code. It represents a specific division within the company.For that reason, it is only used in multi-division companies.Single-entity companies do not use this code. If the company is large and has very many divisions, this code is expanded to a 3-digit code, enabling the inclusion of more than 99 subsidiaries.Department CodeThis is also typically a 2-digit code. It represents a specific department within the busine ss; for instance, engineering, sales, accounting, or human resource departments.Account CodeThis is typically a 3-digit code which describes the account itself. Accounts are divided into major categories and sub-categories.Each major category starts with a particular number. Consequently, all the sub-categories that fall under a certain major category all start with the number of the major category.For instance, the first major category is “assets” and begins with the digit “1”. The first account could be “cash” and is labeled “100”. The next could be “savings account” and labeled “101”The second major category “liabilities” starts with the digit “2”, then the liability accounts will be labeled in the 200 to 299 range. The next major category “Equity” will start with a “3”, occupying the 300-399 range, and so on.The account code will not always be represented by 3 digits. In some cases, especially for bigger companies with a more complex chart of accounts, the account code might be represented by 4 digits.As you might have realized so far, the account code breaks down two key pieces of information about an account: the type of major category account and the type of sub-category account.For instance, if you find that an account code starts with 100, you can automatically conclude that this account belongs to the ‘assets’ category.The subcategory account is usually represented by the second digit within the account code. For instance, let’s assume that the account code for a specific account is 109.Since the first digit is 1, we already know that this is an assets account. However, there are different types of asset accounts.Therefore, the second digit is used to show the subcategory in which the account belongs.In our case, this might mean the account falls under the current assets subcategory within the assets category. The third digit denotes the actual identity of the account.If the account number was 115, then t his would mean that this particular account is account number 5 under the receivables sub category within the assets category.Bringing It All TogetherIn a multi-division company which has several divisions and departments, the chart of accounts numbering would be as follows: xx-xx-xxx.If it’s a single-entity company (that is just one division) that has multiple departments, the first two digits (the division code) would be left out. The numbering scheme would instead be as follows: xx-xxx.If it’s a very small business that has no departments at all, only the account code would remain. In that case, the numbering would be simply as follows: xxx.EXAMPLE OF A CHART OF ACCOUNTSBelow is a rough sample COA to help you understand how it looks.Assets (100-199)Current Assets100 Checking Account101 Savings Account102 Deposits103 InvestmentsReceivables110 Accounts Receivable Clients113 Travel Advances116 Notes ReceivableUnbilled Services120 Unbilled ServicesFixed Assets150 Accumulated Dep reciation152 Furniture and Fixtures153 Leasehold Improvements154 AutomobilesLiabilities (200-299)Payables (Short-Term)200 Notes Payable Short-TermAccounts Payable210 Accounts Payable â€" Trade211 Accounts Payable â€" Consultants212 Accounts Payable â€" OtherNet Worth (300-399)301 Capital311 Previous Year’s Retained Earnings312 Current Year’s Profit and LossRevenues (400-499)400 Commercial Sales410 Interest Income422 Grant RevenueExpenses (500-599)Direct Costs500 Direct Labor502 Equipment503 Materials and SuppliesFringe Benefit Costs510 Vacation511 Sick Leave513 Payroll TaxesOverhead Costs 520 Overhead Labor525 Depreciation â€" Office Equipment526 RentGeneral Administrative Costs 530 General Administrative Labor532 Utilities536 Equipment RentalUnallowable Costs 540 Interest Expense541 Contributions542 ExhibitsBEST PRACTICES FOR CHART OF ACCOUNTS DESIGNThe following are the criteria/principles a company should follow when designing a chart of accounts:Do the Mystery Accountant T estA good COA provides structure for the business, uniformity, and enhances communication across the company.It should also be possible for a concerned third party to understand the information provided in the COA without difficulty.To accomplish this, test to see if your chart of accounts passes the Mystery Accountant Test.This is a thought experiment where you try to see if competent accountants unfamiliar with the details of your business can successfully close the book.Can they successfully perform the close or do they get confused because of poor chart design?Can they use the provided code combinations to figure out the nature of each transaction, who is responsible for it, and where the transaction is occurring?Avoid RedundancyThe chart should contain only one type of information in each segment; otherwise, there will be overlapping of information across segments, which can lead to potential inaccuracies during reporting.For instance, if a company defines two of its segments a s “Location” and “Department”, then the location segment should only contain location information and the department information should only contain departmental information.Leave Room for ExpansionSmall companies may tailor the design of their COA to the current size of their business.This is not necessarily a problem.However, if this is a company that is likely to experience growth in future and greater success, it is important to design a COA that leaves room for expansion.Otherwise, when the company grows, there will be risk of some of the segments filling up.This can pose a problem, particularly for a publicly traded company where accuracy of information is legally crucial.Use Logical RangesWhile leaving room for expansion is good, it is possible to get carried away and go to the other extreme where you have ridiculously large ranges.For instance, if a company is small and unlikely to expand, but insists on having a range of values such as 20000-29999.This leaves room f or up to 9,999 accounts.The trends in your business should inform your decision when determining the most appropriate range.Don’t Rely on SpreadsheetsWhile spreadsheets are great tools for organizing simple data, they are not the best choice for transforming data from your financial systems to report results.Not relying on spreadsheets to get financial information is a key best-practices consideration when designing a COA.WRAPPING IT UPThe chart of accounts is one of the most important accounting tools.The COA is essentially a summary of the company’s financial power. It contains both balance sheet information and income statement information.A good chart of accounts reveals the size or financial might of a company.Any interested party can then figure out how large the company is (from the division code and department code or their absence), and see the range and number of its transactions (based on the number of recorded accounts).

The Relationship Between Incident and Character in The Turn of the Screw and Bliss - Literature Essay Samples

‘What is character but the determination of incident? What is incident but the illustration of character?’ Henry James It can be argued that a person’s character and individual nature is affected by exterior incident. This occurs in both Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw and Katherine Mansfield’s Bliss, however each protagonist’s experience differs. For Bertha Young in Mansfield’s short story, the incident –discovering Pearl’s affair with her husband –does not change her character; her nature is the only thing that remains the same, whilst the outward circumstances continue to change. In James’ short story, the governess is so affected by the incidents –seeing both the ghostly figure of the man in the tower and the woman by the lake –that she struggles to identify between an outward incident and one conjured by her own mind. Her character changes indefinitely, only adding to the horror of the incidents. Therefore, it is difficult to provide a definite argument as to the relationship of incident and character. For the govern ess, the reader witnesses the effects of the incident; for Bertha, we merely see the beginning of the end. Within The Turn of the Screw, many of the governess’ actions are determined by the supernatural incidents she encounters, fuelling her supposed insanity. The reader is only introduced to the governess as a character when she arrives at Bly, and we are given little information about her life previously. Therefore, the reader can only judge her on the behaviour we witness, which is of her character being consumed by these incidents. The governess describes the lasting effects of her encounter with the apparition, Peter Quint: They are in my ears still, his supreme surre’nder of the name and his tribute to my devotion. ‘What does he matter now, my own? –what will he ever matter? I have you,’†¦ James’ use of the adverb ‘still’ emphasises a constant presence, suggesting that whilst the encounter is over, their voices refuse to leave her head. These prolonging effects begin to suggest that perhaps even the governess herself is possessed. This incident also seems to provoke possessiveness in the governess. Whilst it is understandable that she would be concerned for Miles, the italicised emphasis ‘I’ suggests a need to almost own the child, beyond necessary emotion. Therefore, the effects of this incident do not seem to change the governess’ character, but bring to the surface a possessive nature that was perhaps long forgotten. For the governess in Turn of the Screw, the incident provokes a reaction that involves others, and determines her relationship with the children. In Mansfield’s Bliss, Bertha discovers her husband’s affair, but then is completely detached from others in her reaction; she discovers and laments the downfall by herself: ‘Oh, what is going to happen now?’ she cried. But the pear tree was as lovely as ever and as full of flower and as still. This cry of desperation is placed directly after the revelation of the divorce. This creates a stark contrast between the ‘lovely as ever’ pear tree and Bertha’s human downfall. It also works to highlight her isolation; throughout the short story, the tree has been representative of strength and beauty, yet now it bestows none of this on Bertha and refuses to collectively suffer. Mansfield commented she ‘had moments when it has seemed to [her] that this wasn’t what [her] little kingdom ought to be like.’[2] And this echoes Bertha’s expectations perfectly. She claims to have ‘everything’ (p.115) in her ‘little kingdom’, yet her way of life is tarnished as she is left asking a question that no-one answers. This tragic epiphany seems as if it will indefinitely shape Bertha’s character, yet as readers we are limited to this scene, and do not see the consequent actions. Therefore, incident in both short storie s shapes the protagonist’s, not only in their own characters, but in how they react to other mediums, whether human or nature. Rohrberger comments that: ‘Mirrors serve to reflect reality as it is or as the character wants it to be.’ Mansfield uses a mirror to present Bertha’s new reality; the image she sees changes her character, and pre-empts an incident that will happen. In this instance, the change in character occurs before the incident: She hardly dared to look into the cold mirror- but she did look, and it gave her back a woman, radiant, with smiling, trembling lips, with big, dark eyes [†¦] waiting for something†¦divine to happen†¦that she knew must happen†¦infallibly. (p.115) Despite Bertha’s action of looking in the mirror, the image is given back to her, removing her agency from the action. Through this, Bertha is able to truly see the woman she has, almost subconsciously, become, ‘a woman radiant with smiling, trembling lips’. This sensual imagery suggests an anticipation of her own metaphorical blossoming; her sexuality is awakening and she is sure something will happen, just not quite what. Her lack of agency is once again emphasised by the suggestion of God in the ‘divine’ act; the incident, whatever it will be, will occur and she is helpless to stop it. Furthermore, the repetition of ellipses emphasises this agonising prolonging and sense of mystery; the reader is delayed in the reading of Bliss, as Bertha is in the knowledge that a ‘divine’ incident must happen. In The Turn of the Screw, there is a similar ambiguity in an incident as the governess sees Miles on the lawn: ‘[the] moon made the night extraordinarily penetrable [†¦] The presence on the lawn –I felt sick as I made it out– was poor little Miles himself.’ (p.176) Again, nature seems to provide the clarity that the human mind cannot; the night is ‘extraordinarily penetrable’, yet the governess still describes Miles as a ‘presence’. This suggests a supernatural element to the young boy’s identity, presenting confusion between the human characters and the apparitions. It could also further suggest the governess perceives for the first time the ‘reality’ of Miles’ character; is he a young boy possessed or simply wanting to be seen ‘–for a change –bad!’ (p.179)? To conclude, these identified incidents change a character’s nature in a way that is unexpected; Bertha sees a new version of herself, as the governess sees Miles in a new light. As established, an incident can work to determine the character of a person. However, both short stories also present the idea that mental thought can influence. The governess experiences the incident where she sees Flora in the garden, and the memory of this experience then changes as she continues to think about it: ‘Two hours ago, in the garden’ –I could scarce articulate- Flora saw!’[†¦] there are depths, depths! The more I go over it the more I see in it, and the more I see in it the more I fear. (p.157) She is obviously becoming obsessive, going over it until she sees more than she perhaps ever originally witnessed. With such a strong assertion primarily existing as thought, the governess struggles with this conversion to speech. This separation is illustrated by the punctuation ‘-‘; this physical break in the text equates to the difference between the spoken and the mental. Rawlings observes that: ‘Bly seems to offer the govern ess a new space of possibility, making room for the pleasure of the fictional, the improvisational†¦ This therefore suggests that the so-called incident was not Flora’s apparition, but the move to Bly, and this has affected her thought processes. This idea of the ‘improvisational’ is continued in the governess’ combination of thought and sight, as if the more thought she dedicates to it, the more she ‘sees’ in her memories. Furthermore, the governess actively displays an unreliable narration, leading the readers to question what is the truth, and what she improvised. Whilst the governess’ actions are determined by her own thought, Mansfield’s Bliss exhibits a character that is dictated by the thoughts of other people. Mansfield seems to mock this superficial and modern lifestyle, embodied in the character of Eddie: ‘I think I’ve come across the same idea in a lit-tle French review, quite unknown in England’ (p.119). The use of italics suggests that Eddie chooses his words and emphases to suggest his own high level of education. His tone also becomes increasingly patronising –‘lit-tle French review’ –suggesting that he thinks himself over the others at the dinner table. His exclusivity of information, what is ‘quite unknown’, determines him as a character of power through knowledge. However, this aestheticism –‘a [concept] of life committed to keener experiences of aesthetic sensation and perception’– encourages self-absorbed traits that seem irrel evant to others. This ‘aesthetic sensation’ and carefully shaped rhetoric replaces emotional sensation; when Bertha’s learns of Harry’s affair, Eddie is capable of reciting ‘Table d’Hà ´te’ but fails to offer emotional support. This perhaps makes Bertha conscious that a life full of ‘modern, thrilling friends’(p.115) who live their lives based on other’s thoughts and opinions is temporary and unfulfilling. This shows how powerful one’s own thoughts are to the individual, but seemingly powerless when directed, as Eddie does, at others unnecessarily. Throughout both the short stories, there are events where characters seem to influence incidents. Yet, it is more interesting to consider how, in Bliss and The Turn of the Screw, incidents attempt to control a character and thus fail. In both texts, an incident occurs and we, as readers, expect a certain reaction. But the characters lack understanding, and therefore they are not influenced by the incident, as they should be. Bertha cannot comprehend her new-found, ardently emotional consciousness and the governess struggles not with the apparitions themselves but their purpose of appearing. This creates a tension between what should have happened, and what did happen in the after-math of pivotal incidents. To conclude, the focus is perhaps then on not how the incident influenced a character, but how it did not. Bibliography James, H. The Turn of the Screw and Other Stories (Oxford New York: Oxford World’s Classics, 1992) Levenson, M. ‘Modernism’, The encyclopaedia of literary and cultural theory,(USA: Wiley, 2011) (http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/wileylitcul/modernism/0) [accessed 31 January 2014] Mansfield, K. ‘Bliss’ in Selected Stories (Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 1981) Rawlings, P. (ed.) Palgrave advances in Henry James studies (New York Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) Rohrberger, M. The Art of Katherine Mansfield (Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1977) Stead, C.K. (ed.) The Letters and Journals of Katherine Mansfield) (Penguin Books, 1977)

The History of Concrete and Cement

Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance known as an aggregate (usually made from different types of sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. Aggregates can include sand, crushed stone, gravel, slag, ashes, burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate (fine refers to the size of the aggregate particulates) is used in making concrete slabs and smooth surfaces. Coarse aggregate is used for massive structures or sections of cement. Cement has been around a lot longer than the building material we recognize as concrete. Cement in Antiquity Cement is thought to be older than humanity itself, having formed naturally 12 million years ago, when burnt limestone reacted with oil shale. Concrete dates back to at least 6500 BCE when the Nabatea of what we know now as Syria and Jordan used a precursor of modern-day concrete to build structures that survive to this day. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding substance or cement. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. The Nabateau are thought to have invented an early form of hydraulic concrete—which hardens when exposed to water—using lime. The adoption of concrete as a building material transformed architecture throughout the Roman Empire, making possible structures and designs that could not have been built using just the stone that had been a staple of early Roman architecture. Suddenly, arches and aesthetically ambitious architecture became much easier to build. The Romans used concrete to build still-standing landmarks such as the Baths, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The arrival of the Dark Ages, however, saw such artistic ambition dwindle alongside scientific progress. In fact, the Dark Ages saw many developed techniques for making and using concrete lost. Concrete would not take its next serious steps forward until long after the Dark Ages had passed. The Age of Enlightenment In 1756, the British engineer John Smeaton made the first modern concrete (hydraulic cement) by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing powered brick into the cement. Smeaton developed his new formula for concrete in order to build the third Eddystone Lighthouse, but his innovation drove a huge surge in the use of concrete in modern structures. In 1824, the English inventor Joseph Aspdin invented Portland Cement, which has remained the dominant form of cement used in concrete production. Aspdin created the first true artificial cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning process changed the chemical properties of the materials and allowed Aspdin to create a stronger cement than plain crushed limestone would produce. The Industrial Revolution Concrete took a historic step forward with the inclusion of ​embedded metal (usually steel) to form what’s now called reinforced concrete or ferroconcrete. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. Monier was a Parisian gardener who made garden pots and tubs of concrete reinforced with an iron mesh. Reinforced concrete combines the tensile or bendable strength of metal and the compressional strength of concrete to withstand heavy loads. Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of 1867. Besides his pots and tubs, Monier promoted reinforced concrete for use in railway ties, pipes, floors, and arches. Its uses also ended up including the first concrete-reinforced bridge and massive structures such as the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams.

What Elements Of Law Are Important For Other Workers At...

1. Identify and describe the specific issues Maalick encountered in the workplace. Do the actions of other workers at Treton represent discrimination and harassment? What elements of law are important for Treton to consider? In this particular case, Mr. Maalick received very clear and convincing racial and religious discrimination from both his supervisor and from his co-workers. The employees of Treton blatantly violated the Civil Rights Act and the Equal. Employment. Opportunity Commission. These acts do not allow, under any circumstances, discrimination based on the idea of race, color, sex, religion or age (The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | National Archives, n.d.). Mr. Maalick’s supervisor showed clear evidence of being judgmental and discriminatory when he was hesitant to grant the time off that Maalick had requested for his religious purposes. Clive Jenkins’ choice of words â€Å"this religion of yours† shows clear judgment on Maalick and his Internationalism religion. Jenkins also found it amusing that Treton’s own employees were playing pranks and making jokes towards Maalick which shows complete unprofessionalism on the part of Mr. Jenkins and it also sheds a poor light on the company. Treton has a policy that they stand firm on which is absolutely no harassment will be shown towards anyone based on religion or color. Maalick’s supervisor failed to do his part as a leader to stop this behavior among his employees before itShow MoreRelatedEssay on Case Study 11104 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ BUSI642: Case Study 1 Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment: What Ever Happened to MarShawn DeMur? January 17, 2015 Case Discussion Questions 1. Identify and describe the specific issues Maalick encountered in the workplace. Do the actions of other workers at Treton represent discrimination and harassment? What elements of law are important for Treton to consider? Maalick encountered religious discrimination on several occasions while at work. The first instanceRead MoreCase Study 11513 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty University Case Study 1 1. Identify and describe the specific issues DeMur encountered in the workplace. Do the actions of other workers at Treton represent discrimination and harassment? What elements of law are important for Treton to consider? DeMur found very clear issues that can relate to Harassment and Equal Employment Opportunity discrimination within his work place. It started when his supervisor was hesitant to grant him days off for a religious event. This event was something

The Factors of Eating Disorders Essay - 1821 Words

In modern culture, women and men are becoming less satisfied with their body shape. According to a report that was done by the Federal Trade Commission, seventy percent of Americans are either trying not to maintain their weight or are trying to lose weight (Kittleson 75). To compensate for being over weight, an individual will develop an eating disorder. According to Mark Kittleson, eating disorders are when an individual eats way too much or way too little (1). There are three different types of eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. According to Jessica Bennett, twenty-five million people in the United States suffer from binge eating disorder and ten million women and one million men suffer from either anorexia or†¦show more content†¦Studies have shown that three percent of males and eight percent of females who were in high school said that they have either purged or took laxatives to lose weight (3). The symptoms of bulimia are tooth erosion, swallowing problems, esophagus problems, and acute stomach distress (â€Å"Eating Disorders†). However, binge eating disorder is completely opposite from anorexia and bulimia. Binge eating is when a person over eats in a short period of time. According to Susan Frissell and Paula Harney, two percent of the population suffers from binge eating disorder (27). Studies show that depression, anxiety, high blood pressure, and stomach pain is found in many people who suffer from binge eating disorder (Elkins 45; Kittleson 4). Many people will develop binge eating disorder because they want to distract themselves from a painful event that has happened in their life (Frissell and Harney 27). Many researchers have found that genetics are linked to eating disorders. Studies have shown that genetics are responsible for 56% of the onset of bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating (Johnson and Bulik). 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Power Failure The Inside Story Of The Collapse Of Enron

General: Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron, Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, 432 pages, March 25, 2003, Crown Publishing Group, ISBN: 978-0-767-91368-3 Authors: The book is written by two authors: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins. Mimi Swartz is a journalist who graduated from Hampshire College. She has written for many publications. Her work has been included in Slate, Vanity Fair, National Geographic, The New Yorker, and the New York Times. Currently, she serves as an executive editor for Texas Monthly. Ms. Swartz is a long time resident of Texas, and was able to use her experiences and insight into the Texan psyche to highlight the personalities of the Texas company and the attitude of its employees. Sherron Watkins has a Bachelor s in Business Administration from the University of Texas and a Master s in Professional Accounting, also from the University of Texas. 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Literature review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Rise and Fall of Enron2970 Words   |  12 PagesThe Leadership of Kenneth Lay 5 Contributing Factors for Enron’s Debacle 7 Power Abuse 7 Fraudulent Accounting Practices 7 Employees and Board members 8 Investors Grief 9 Auditors and external regulatory agency 9 Conclusion 9 The debacle of Enron, led not only the company to bankruptcy but also its employees and shareholders. Unethical leadership and vested interests played a significant role in its imminent failure. Very few had the courage to challenge authority and leave when faced withRead MoreEnron Case2918 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary The United States that have been considered as a super power country and also the direction of science disciplines including accounting must felt bitterness. 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Madonna Case Analysis Free Essays

The following case study covers the foundation of Madonna’s business success and her continued global popularity over the past 20 years. Madonna has influenced people all over the world. Her quest for Superstardom is evident in her wide range of endeavors such as her records, concerts, movies, books, and charity events. We will write a custom essay sample on Madonna Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now She has the skill to market herself as a product while maintaining an edge, yet it is her experiences and sense of the world, art, fashion, drama and most importantly her intellect that make Madonna a global superstar. In examining Madonna’s career from a strategic analysis it is important to recognize her global and industrial impact as well as look into her brand name from a business perspective. Regarding her brand name there is competition, strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats. Analysis Environmental Analysis Madonna has had a great impact on the global environment through her countless charity efforts. Specifically, in 2006 she started an organization called Raising Malawi, a non-profit organization supporting community based organizations that provide vulnerable children and caregivers with nutritious food, proper clothing, secure shelter, formal education, targeted medical care, emotional care and psychosocial support. In addition, Raising Malawi supports non-government organizations that offer impoverished families with innovative opportunities for sustainability such as Millennium Promise and International Medical Corps. Millennium Promise is a non-profit organization which works towards the halving extreme poverty in Africa by 2015, working with impoverished communities, national and local governments, and partner organizations to implement high-impact programs aimed at transforming lives on the continent and engaging donor nations, corporations, and the general public in the effort. Also, on corporate, community, and academic levels, Madonna matches every dollar donated to Raising Malawi. In addition to her own organization she still donates to several other causes, many relating to children, and is a patron of Children of Peace, a foundation that is dedicated to supporting programs that serve traumatized children regardless of race, religion or cultural background. Industry Analysis The music industry can be a difficult place to achieve long-term success. This is has been proved hundreds of times in cases of the infamous â€Å"one hit wonders†. It is an industry where an entertainer can literally go from being star to being a has-been overnight. Music fans like to hear something new and fresh, which can be difficult for many musicians accomplish. Madonna has kept reinventing herself and her music, and thus has had a tremendous impact on the music industry. Her kind of talent comes along very rarely. In terms of industry success, she is the female Elvis Presley. Firm Analysis Madonna is the clear leader of her corporation and is the ultimate businesswoman. From her legendary work ethic to her moves as a businesswoman, Madonna is a resounding corporate success. Her career was further enhanced by film appearances despite mixed reviews. She won critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her role in Evita (1996), but has received harsh criticism for other film roles. Madonna’s other business ventures include being a fashion designer, children’s book author, film director and producer. In 2007, she signed an unprecedented $120 million contract with Live Nation. Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide and is recognized as the world’s top-selling female recording artist of all time by the Guinness World Records. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female artist in the United States, behind Barbra Streisand, with 64 million certified albums. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked Madonna at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of the Billboard chart. She was also inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the same year. Current Problems As with most things in life, tastes change. Madonna will have to continue producing music to meet the changing tastes of her fan base. She has been successful at this in the past, but distractions exist now that didn’t exist before, and this may cause her to lose focus on the music. An ongoing problem that hurts Madonna directly in the purse is the ease in which music can be downloaded for free from the internet. Most consumers want music at the best possible price, and don’t really consider how this hurts the artist who produced it. SWOT Analysis Strengths: The Madonna name, all by itself, makes people stand up and take notice. Madonna’s work ethic and drive to succeed are major strengths as well. The constant reinvention of herself and her music make Madonna a force to be reckoned with. Her involvement with charitable causes adds to the overall strength of the Madonna brand name. Her live shows are perennial sell-outs because her music appeals to a worldwide audience. Weaknesses: Madonna’s charitable work can also be a weakness because time spent with charitable causes takes time away from writing and performing her music. Madonna is getting older, and aging does take its toll on a person’s energy level. Getting actively involved with music, movies, charitable causes, and family might create a situation where Madonna is spread too thin. One or more areas of her career might suffer as a consequence. Opportunities: The music-loving world seems to get bored with â€Å"old† and craves â€Å"new†. With her endless talent, Madonna can provide the â€Å"new† that the public wants. In fact in January 2008 she was named the world’s wealthiest female musician by Forbes magazine, with estimated earnings of more than $72 million in the last year alone. Madonna has had a unique way of reinventing herself and evolving as a person and musician. Her constant evolvement has kept her highly respected and sought after. Her name by itself creates opportunity. Anywhere she wants to put her name it will generate profit. Her opportunities are endless. This is evident in her endeavors such as her records, concerts, movies, books, and charity events. Threats: Fans of motion pictures love young, new talent. The same is true for the music industry. Up and coming musicians are a direct threat to Madonna’s reign at the top of the charts. Also, throughout Madonna’s career she has been a lightning rod for religious and sexual controversy. Discussion Critical Issues If the past repeats itself, Madonna will be a success in any venture she undertakes. If she decides to be more involved in her charitable causes, Madonna’s focus must be on these charities and not on starring in a movie. As Madonna gets older, the ability to perform live night after night will diminish. This issue might have a solution if venues with a large seating capacity are used, and some smaller cities are left off the tour schedule. Recommendations and Rationale I think it is safe to say that Madonna can accomplish anything she wants. She will be mentioned historically in the same context as Elvis Presley and Paul McCartney. Her concerts consistently sell out globally. Wherever her name brand is it is generating revenue. At this point in her life she has assumed iconic status and her opportunities are endless. At this point it’s up to her to indicate what she wants to do next. Conclusion Considered to be one of the â€Å"25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century† by Time for being an influential figure in contemporary music, Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a fresh and hip standard within the recording industry. She is recognized as an inspiration among numerous music artists and her humanitarian work touches thousands, if not millions of lives. References http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/201-madonna#ixzz1BDKYjr52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer) How to cite Madonna Case Analysis, Essay examples

Electronic Crime and Digital Forensics Analysis

Question: As part of the auditing team in capacity of a Digital Forensics expert, prepare digital forensics investigative plan to enable a systematic collection of evidence and subsequent forensic analysis of the electronic and digital data. Assuming all systems are Windows based, this plan should detail following: 1. justify why use of the digital forensic methodology and approach is warranted including procedures for corporate investigation. 2. describe the resources required to conduct a digital forensic investigation, including team member skill sets and required tools. 3. outline an approach for data/evidence identification and acquisition that would occur in order to prepare the auditors for review of the digital evidence. 4. outline an approach and steps to be taken during the analysis phase making the assumption the computer system is a Microsoft Windows-based computer. 5. create a table of contents for the investigative plan describing what the primary focus of the report would be. Answer: Introduction World philosophies are starting ever-increasing needs on digital systems and networks. This reliance is charming ordinary and in certain cases essential in numerous peoples has some types of standard day-to-day actions which presumes considerable similarity to the additional traditional variations that have enthused in to adjust our lives, the obtain ability of digital technology unavoidably leads to misappropriation by anti-social or wicked persons as well as normal populations. Digital Forensic is a division of forensic discipline that involves investigation of contents and material present in any digital devices often Computers and Mobiles. It know how to have number of use in order to support any hypothesis or evidence in courts. Whenever the crime involves any network or computer it is termed as Electronic or Computer offense. Such crime are frequently committed either next to any individual or it involves a group maybe a company or any organization.[1] Digital Forensics provides Digital evidence associated with e-crime. Digital evidence is any information stored in the form of binary digits and can be offered in court. It can be any hard drive, a CD, a flash card or a mobile phone. An additional vital feature of any digital forensic is that it can be used as private investigation while following legal consideration and international legislation. Thus in order to proceed in any investigation, a digital forensic investigation plan is developed which includes different forensic methodologies to be followed after analyzing the whole case and then preparing an outline of the procedure followed along with the evidence. In this case study a computer forensic team and laboratory needs to be setup including the necessary equipment and facility required. Total budget involved in the setting needs to be determined along with the type of experts needed in the team and thus creating a Digital forensic plan. Current Perception of Forensic Science Before hand deliberating the present awareness with regards to the forensic science, this conversation emphases on phases usually elaborated in familiarizing societys idea of hatefulusage of numerous technologies. First is aunderstanding by customers that the novel technology can be cast-off for unlawful and perhapsillegalresolutions. Risingapprehensionshadows as occurrencesyield andconvertedinto more thoughtful. The cumulativecapacity of misappropriation and percentage of illegalactionfinallyreasonsspecialists to distinguish that they necessitate some level of proficiency to assistancein reorganization, knowing, and frustrate any future incorrectdoing. Specialists then nurturequalified expertise, edifice on a profounderindulgent of the difficulty, its indications, and the incentives of those tangled in unlawfulactions. Founded on these phases, the complexity of their applicationconverts to a gathering of numerousconnected factors. The first featurereports the difficultyelaborate in the knowledge. True themematerialspecialists are compulsory to have a comprehensiveconsiderate of the accompanyingskill as a precondition to utteringsuppositionsnearby the confirmations. The second influence is that adequateinvestigation must service the techniques required to scrutinize and investigatesuggestions that could convertedto evidence. Till now, movements to report both of these connectedinfluences have been carefullyassociated with the construction and development of maximum forensic corrections. Digital Forensic Methodologies Normal forensic examination methods comprise the subsequent: Chromatography, hair, spectroscopy and fiber analysis. Pathology, toxicology, anthropology, examination of questionable documents odontology andstructural engineering. Behavioral outlines exposed by assessments, such as polygraphs and psychological exams We can see in broad way as: a) Identification recognizing a happening from indicators and crucial its sort. this can be not expressly at intervals the sphere of forensics, however important as a result of it impacts alternative steps. Here the case is identified as misuse of emails and leaking of crucial information from the main office desk. b) Preparation making ready the techniques we need to apply using tools aided for applications like search warrants, and watching authorizations and management hold up. Preparation of an investigation plan to proceed is done in this step. c) Preservation cut off, protect and conserve the condition of physical and digital proof. This comprises stopping individuals from victimization digital device also permitting alternative magnetic attraction devices which are needed to be utilized at intervals associate affected radius. d) Assortment documentation of the physical view and photocopy digital evidence victimization homogeneous and conventional procedures. f) Examination in detail methodical search of proof concerning the suspected offense. This centers on distinguishing and position probable proof, presumably at intervals unusual locations. Proper Documentation and legal legislation requests to be followed and scrutinize in order to catch the suspect. g) Presentation Recapitulate and supply rationalization of wrapping up this could be in print in an exceedingly common persons terms victimization abstracted classification. All abstracted classification ought to allusion the particular particulars. After collecting relative information and evidence it can be presented in an investigation report format to the concerned official and discuss its consequences. h) Returning proof guaranteeing substantial and digital correctly is came to appropriate owner similarly as crucial however and what criminal proof should be detached. once more not an exact forensics step, but any representation that grab hold of proof seldom deal with this facet. Proper investigation will always lead to the correct suspect with proof.Different Forensic equipment used helped in locating the evidence and the case comes at final step. Why Digital Forensics The massive common of investigative methods laboring by old-style forensic science cultivated out of laboratories. Finished time, supplementary federal, public, and local powers that be understood the significance and requirement of methodical examination. Specialist with specific attention in the forensic characteristics of investigation initiated to change over their observes to recently recognized laboratories that absorbed on forensic investigation in upkeep of the courts. This tendency leftover true to this day, though, as detailed beforehand, forensic examination of computer structures has occupied a dissimilar evolutionary route. In totaling, the courts also assumed that these investigative methods were not unquestionable. They were consequent by investigation that controlled (or should comprehend) procedures of fault and other catalogues to support pronounce the authenticity of figures and description results. This thought directed to the expansion of principles and guidelines of acceptability of professional demonstration that must escort scientifically consequent reference confirmation (Eckert, 1997) Frequently in criminal chronicles, the courts and public views have derived to be dependent profoundly on assured confirmation consequent by the systematic method. Possibly the furthermost frequently quantified but minimum agreed is DNA profiling. This some what novel method is completed for the courts as a procedure recycled by criminological serologists. It is trusted upon since of its alleged capability to distinguish despondent to the side by side of the specific, as a result exchange other, elder methods comparable to blood typing for example a principal evidentiary contrivance. Till very lately, the scientific communal has been noticeably inattentive from the expansion of values, procedures, and conventions connected to forensic examination of digital mechanisms. This tendency has commanded to court dependencies on instance relatively than arithmetical consequence and repeatability when governing on acceptability of suggestion consequent from digital foundations. As judges, juries, resistance prosecutors, and quality managers developed well-informed in digital technology and appreciate its complication entirely, it is probable that we will perceive the call for an additional difficult method to digital forensic examination. How it will come in action When this practice activates, decision-makers will request additional convincing questions and anticipate more thorough, methodically established clarifications from those providing testament or convincing opinions. This novel opinion of proof, coupled with progressively active, networked surroundings, will strength a example change. This pattern change will gradually adjust law implementations usage of knowledge and permit for broader usage of forensic practices in commercial, business, management, and the military. Solution Path : Digital Forensic The forensic examination of computer systems, whether in provision of the courts or decision-makers in occupational or military processes, has the identical objective: persuasion based on factual evidence. The evidence essential be enough to assistance to bind a judge and jury to a judgment or assisting a decision-maker to alter supply distributions or operational objectives. At the essential, they are fundamentally matching but are acknowledged by dissimilar names. Resources and Budget involved Various Software help in the investigation process in case of any electronic crimes and thus their utilization comes into existence. The resources required would be some hardwares as well as some softwares.Some of type of forensics needed to be done are Network Forensic It is connected to the checking and study of computer network transfer for the reasons of in sequence meeting, legal proof, or interruption detection[5] Email Forensic Wipe away or removing an email doesnt of necessity denote that it is gone everlastingly frequently emails can be forensically take out even following removal. Forensic tracing of e-mail is alike to conventional police officer work. As here in this incident the case is about misuse of email and network traffic. Hacking of some passwords and increase in number of spams are also some of the aspects to ponder. The resources required can be categorized on the basis of hardware and softwares. Hardware Required S.no. Hardware Properties Estimated Cost 1 Forensic Systems It consists of integrated processing platforms and it can handle challenging computer cases. It bring the aptitude to easily duplicate proof in a straight line from IDE/SAS/SATA drives, USB devices, Firmware devices, CDs, DVDs, LTO-4 tape and PC Card/Smartmedia/SD-MMC/Memory Stick/Compact Flash media in a forensically sound environment. $6,712 2 FREDC Forensic network A Forensic system is a sequence of dispensation and imaging computers linked and integrated in a straight line with a high-speed and high-capacity server to distribute resources. The file member of staff serving at table function as the core of the Forensic Network and can be used as a central storage facility for Forensic Images as well as applications software for use by the client processing and imaging stations. $4,671 3 Forensic devices Standalone forensic devices which address specific needs of the Computer Forensics Investigator $2,545 4 Other Accessories These accessories may include different adapters, enclosures, protocol modules and many more $1,289 Expertise of assembling forensic team The assembling team for forensics must include a number of experts ranging from the field of Law to the system expert. The experts to be included must in the team are A Lead investigator A lead investigator leads the case and identifies and analyses every aspect of case taken. They have all basic knowledge in every proceeding and accomplishes task at his intelligence level They gather clues, evidences and suspects and collects every detail of the proceeding Co-Investigator They assist the lead investigators in collecting relevant information and providing details to the other department members present in the investigation team. They act as a bridge between the departments and lead investigator Legal Expert They are responsible for taking in account all legal considerations and legislation while collecting information. They take into account every step and procedure being followed by the investigators under law. They also advise the legal restrictions while investigation. Security Department Officer Their role is to provide information and evidence regarding the incidents that is happening. They are accountable to all those security steps being followed and care taken in the organization. Technical Expert To carry out the identification process and analysis there comes the need of a Technical expert. As we see here there is a misuse of email then respective software must be used by the expert to identify the loophole. Conclusion Events of dependability and correctness for the procedures and approachescast-off in examinationcustomarilyspread the level of self-assurancepredictable in the proof and complementarywitness. Evidenceconsequent from computer criminologicalinvestigation has however to be opposed to any excessive range by security lawyers in jurisdictional reports or specialists in inquiries of computer misapplication. Most procedurescast-off nowadays are anticipated conceivable if not unquestionablesince they are established by reliable companies, used by specialists or experts in the field, and recycled beforehand in benches or other backgrounds to influence experts. In the nearby future, the gathering, synthesis, and association of data after all of these foundations and more will be self-motivated to soundings, both public and criminal. Of cumulativesignificance will be the requirement for suggestion, and the approaches and practices used to reveal it, to be precise, consistent, and recognized as average preparation in digital forensic investigation. References Computer forensic tool testing program, computer imaging specification, version 3.1.6, national institute of standards and technology. Available at: www.cftt.nist.gov Eckert, w. G., introduction to forensic sciences, 1997, crc press. Federal rules of evidence, article vii. Opinion and expert testimony, rule 702 rule 703. Available at: www.house.gov/judiciary/evid00.pdf Foster, k., r huber, judging science: scientific knowledge and the federal courts, 1997, mit press. Koehler, j. J., a. Chia, s. Lindsey, , the random match probability in dna evidence: irrelevant or prejudicial, jurimetrics journal, 1995, winter, pp. 201-219. Pollack j., us district court, pa: u.s. V plaza, acosta (cr. No. 98-362-10, 11,12), strengthening the criteria for admissibility of fingerprint evidence, judicial opinion. Computer crime investigation computer forensicssource: information systems security, summer 97, vol. 6 issue 2, p56, 25p. an examination of digital forensic models international journal of digital evidence fall 2002, volume 1, issue 3 mark reith, clintcarr, gregggunsch, department of electrical and computer engineering, graduate school of engineering and management,air force institute of technology,wright-pattersonafb, oh 45433-7765

What are stylistic devices Essay Example

What are stylistic devices? Essay In literature and writing, a  figure of speech  (also  called stylistic device or rhetorical device) is the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling. Sometimes a word diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase has a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it. Examples are metaphor, simile, or personification. Stylistic devices often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. Alliteration What is an alliteration? Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words. Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis. The initial consonant sound is usually repeated in two neighboring words although sometimes the repetition occurs also in words that are not neighbors. Examples: * sweet  smell of  success, * a  dime a  dozen, * bigger and  better, * jump for  joy * share a  continent but not a  country Here is an example of alliteration in a poem by Wordsworth: And  sings a  solitary  song That  whistles in the  wind. Remember 1. Only the repetition of the same sound is valid in an alliteration not the consonants themselves. Examples: * keen  camarad. * philosophy  fan. * A  neat  knot  need  not be re-knotted. Although they start with different consonants, they constitute perfect instances of alliteration; 2. By contrast, if neighboring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial sound, the words are not alliterated. Examples: * a cute child * highly honored (pay attention to the ‘h’ in honored; it is silent) Although they start with the same consonants, they are not instances of alliteration since the sounds differ. What is an allusion? Allusion We will write a custom essay sample on What are stylistic devices? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are stylistic devices? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are stylistic devices? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The act of alluding is to make indirect reference. It is a literary device, a figure of speech that quickly stimulates different ideas and associations using only a couple of words. ELEMENTS OF FICTION EFINITION OF PLOT Plot refers to the series of events that give a story its meaning and effect. In most stories, these events arise out of  conflict  experienced by the main character. The conflict may come from something external, like a dragon or an overbearing mother, or it may stem from an internal issue, such as jealousy, loss of identity, or overconfidence. As the character makes choices and tries to resolve the problem, the storys action is shaped and plot is generated. In some stories, the author structures the entire plot chronologically, with the first event followed by the second, third, and so on, like beads on a string. However, many other stories are told with flashback techniques in which plot events from earlier times interrupt the storys current events. All stories are unique, and in one sense there are as many plots as there are stories. In one general view of plot, however—and one that describes many works of fiction—the story begins with  rising action  as the character experiences conflict through a series of plot  complications  that entangle him or her more deeply in the problem. This conflict reaches a  climax, after which the conflict is resolved, and the  falling action  leads quickly to the storys end. Things have generally changed at the end of a story, either in the character or the situation; drama subsides, and a new status quo is achieved. It is often instructive to apply this three-part structure even to stories that dont seem to fit the pattern neatly. conflict: The basic tension, predicament, or challenge that propels a storys plot complications: Plot events that plunge the protagonist further into conflict rising action: The part of a plot in which the drama intensifies, rising toward the climax climax: The plots most dramatic and revealing moment, usually the turning point of the story falling action: The part of the plot after the climax, when the drama subsides and the conflict is resolved CHARACTER rotagonist: A story’s main character (see also  antagonist) antagonist: The character or force in conflict with the protagonist round character: A complex, fully developed character, often prone to change flat character: A one-dimensional character, typically not central to the story characterization: The process by which an author presents and develops a fictional character   A. Plot Definition of Plot:  Ã‚  Events that form a significant pattern of action with a beginning, a middle and an end. They move from one place or event to another in order to form a pattern, usually with the purpose of overcoming a conflict. The plot is more formally called a  narrative. Elements of Plot: Beginning 1. Plot Line:   a graph plotting the ups and downs of the central characters fortunes. A very conventional plot might look like the one above. 2. Initial Situation i. Characters:  Who are the central characters? What do they aspire to? ii. Setting: Where/when do the characters live? Does the setting contribute to the narrative? iii. Conflicts: What are the challenges facing the protagonist(s)? What are the conflict(s) that he or she (or they) will have to overcome? The beginning is often called the  introduction  or  exposition. By establishing the characters, setting and initial conflicts, the beginning sets the scene for the rest of the narrative. Dickens famous opening line in  A Tale of Two Cities, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, is a classic piece of exposition that helps establish the social and political background of the novel. Rising Action 3. Incentive Moment: i. Which event thrusts itself into the tension of the characters situation and triggers the action of the story? A new event frequently jostles the smoothness of things and changes the course of action. 4. Episodes:   After the introduction, a story usually presents a series of separate events in the plot, building from one situation to the next. A new episode (or scene) begins when the place and time change, or when something really important interrupts what has been happening. With each successive episode, the conflict becomes more and more intense, demanding some sort of resolution. The Climax 5. Climax:   the critical point at which the central character is about to win or lose all. When the probable outcome of the main conflict is finally revealed (i. e. the turning point), the story has reached its climax. In a Shakespearian tragedy, the climax occurs when the main characters momentum switches from success to failure. Beyond that point, the ending is inevitable. However, the climax does not mark the end of conflict;  it only determines how the conflict will be decided. The climax usually occurs anywhere from 50% to 90% of the completed story. Falling Action 6. Falling Action (or Resolution or Denouement):  the events that occur after the climax that tie up loose ends; they perform the necessary plot actions to fulfill the protagonists fortunes that are now clear after the climax. It is a tricky part of a narrative to write as the author has to decide which parts of the plot to tie up and which to leave as questions for the reader to think about (or leave for a future story). Part of the decision regarding what to tie up and what to leave open often depends on the extent to which the author wants to satisfy the readers need for a sense of justice or closure. 7. Epilogue:  the part that tells the reader what happens to the characters well  after  the story is finished. Its seen in longer narratives (like novels and movies) rather than short fiction, but even then it is only used occasionally. B. Authors Role in Plot 1. Plot grows out of the characters. 2. The author is always in control of what happens; fiction manipulates events; it is created. 3. Central focus of the story has to be intriguing, and the author has to arrange events in such a way as to: i. Eliminate all events that are not significant. ii. Make each succeeding event more and more intriguing until he reaches the climax. The purpose of fiction is to entertain; how well are you entertained? C. Plot  Techniques 1. Suspense:  Frequently involves dilemma. e. g. Caught in a bad situation with a choice in a boating accident, you can save either your mother or your husband from drowning. 2. Flashback:  The author waits until the story is moving and then flashes back to reveal biographical data or deep psychological reasons why a character acts as s/he does. It focuses more on  why  things happen, rather than on  what  happens. 3. Telescoping:  Its a matter of economy. The author cant describe every motion of the character or event during the time the story covers. S/he has to choose the significant and merely suggest the others by saying they happened, without much description. Art attempts verisimilitude, not reality. 4. Foreshadowing: The outcome of a conflict is often hinted at or foreshadowed before the climax and resolution. These clues are usually very subtle; you dont realize they are foreshadowing clues until youve finished the story. Early on in the novel  Lord of the Flies, the boys roll a rock down from the light of the hill into the murky jungle below. The destruction of the foliage is a symbolic hint at whats to come:the boys descent into savagery and destruction. Open School describes foreshadowing as a technique that writers use to make the events in their stories ore believable. In foreshadowing, the reader is given little hints about an important future event. Something like providing clues in a mystery novel, foreshadowing ensures that when an important event occurs, the reader thinks: Oh, I should have seen that coming rather than, This doesnt fit anywhere in this piece! Foreshadowing can be a small series of events leading up to a bi g event, or an event that is similar in a thematic way to something that happens later.   Another example of foreshadowing in  Lord of the Flies  occurs just after the plane crash. The author, William Golding, describes the band of choirboys as dressed all in black and moving as if one creature. The black creature is led by Jack, which is a foreshadowing of the evil that will soon overtake him and his followers. D. Conflict in Plot Plot usually involves one or more conflicts, which are problems that need to be solved. The movement towards a solution is what drives the narrative forward, and is what occupies most of the protagonists time. The more rewarding plots are often built around mental, emotional and moral conflicts. Plots involving physical conflict, war, exploration, escapes often contain the most excitement and suspense. Here are the major types of conflict: 1. Mans struggle against nature 2. Man against man 3. Man against society 4. Man against himself (i. e. a portrayal of an inner struggle) The first three types are said to be external conflicts, while the last is internal conflict. Identifying Conflict: * Who or what is the protagonist? * Who or what is the antagonist? * Why is this person or thing the antagonist? * Why are the antagonist and the protagonist in conflict? * Which events contribute to the developing conflict? Which event or episode is the climax? * What does the outcome of the conflict reveal to you about the protagonist? * Did you feel sympathetic toward the protagonist or the antagonist? Explain why. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  conflict. I also recommend Susan Vaughans article on  conflict. It discusses the importance of conflict in narrative fiction, and offers a good distinction between  internal  and  external conflict. E. Setting:  Aspects of Setting Setting is defined as the physical  location  and the  time  of a story. In short stories, one or both of these elements are often not defined. a. Physical World in which Characters Live 1. Geographical location, topography, scenery, even the arrangement of objects in a room can carry special significance. Note detail. 2. Spot words that ask you to hear, see and feel elements that make up and strengthen awareness of physical setting. b. Characters Revealed by Setting. 1. Physical objects surround characters in different ways and these differences reveal traits and changes in characters. a. Psychologically, spiritually, economically and physically. b. Observe feelings and actions of characters with respect to their surroundings; as setting changes, often so does character. c. Listen for any remarks characters make about their setting. d. Look for clues to characters in objects they have placed in their physical world. c. Setting Revealed by Characters 1. Characters contribute clues about setting. 2. When time isnt made obvious, the reader can often make inferences from objects a character has placed in the setting 3. Dress and dialect contain clues as to historical period in which events take place, as well as to regional setting and social levels within a region. d. Plot Assisted by Setting 1. Some stories or plots can take place only in certain settings. Actions governed by particular customs and mores. . Traditions established over many generations exert great influence on what characters do. 3. Physical nature also creates conditions that affect plot: setting can confine action as, for example, on the sea, or on a mountaintop. e. Atmospheric Setting 1. The mood is reliant on the words and tone of description; a jingle can be light, full of life, and e xciting, or, dark, foreboding, and full of evil. 2. The setting of a Victorian drawing room elicits an atmosphere of restraint and decorum. 3. Atmosphere can be overdrawn (as in many Harlequin romances) and become gooey with manufactured emotion. . Theme Revealed by Setting 1. Some authors skillfully use atmosphere to introduce and reinforce the theme of the novel; what happens in setting (flood) happens to characters (changed course of action). 2. Setting may reveal how man sees nature, they may show hate, agony, courage, etc. or mens struggle for insignificant things. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  setting. F. Mood or Atmosphere: The mood is the feeling the reader gets while reading the story. The author helps to create the mood by using carefully chosen  descriptive or evocative words. It can be compared to the use of music in films. Examples of mood are: hostile, optimistic, threatening, ominous, bitter, defiant, etc.. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  mood. G. Theme: The theme  is a recurring social or psychological issue, like aging, violence, alienation or maturity. The author or poet weaves the theme into the plot, which is used as a vehicle to convey it. The title of the story or poem is often of significance in recognizing the theme. What is theme? * Its the unifying or central concept of a story. Its a theory of life which acts as the unifying force in a story, or the universal truth which the story illustrates. * The simplest way of defining theme is this: it is the description of the basic  challenges of mankind  (e. g. the human condition). * In most stories its not just a simple  moral, which is usually what an author thinks  about  the theme. Identifying a storys theme: * Start with a clear idea of the charac ters situation and the plot. Why did the characters act as they did? * Examine closely the central  conflict. Overcoming a conflict is often the basis of the recurrent human challenge in the theme. Look closely at the events and/or characters that seem relevant to the main line of action. Why are they included? * Does the author offer an explicit view point about the theme, or does s/he merely describe the many points of view? * Look for literary devices such as  symbolism  or  irony. They often reveal key elements of the theme. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  theme. H. Symbolism: In literature, a symbol is an object, event or a character thats used to represent an abstract idea;  it is something which stands for something else. Symbols are clues to whats going on in the story and often stand for key parts of the  theme. A symbol is related to metaphor and simile insofar as its a type of figurative (indirect/dual) language. The key thing to remember is that readers  arent  told that something is a symbol, unlike a metaphor (the flower  ofmy love) or a simile (my love  is like  a flower). A symbol just sits there inside the story readers are simply expected to understand its symbolic existence. * White Dove Peace * Santa/Mistletoe Christmas * Red Roses Love * Wedding Ring Marriage/Eternal Love The mockingbird in  To Kill A Mockingbird   a symbol of innocent people being unjustly persecuted * Napoleon in  Animal Farm   Joseph Stalin, dictator of the USSR Allusion relies on the reader being able to understand the allusion and being familiar with the meaning hidden behind the words. Example: Describing someone as a Romeo makes an allusion to the famous young lover in Romeo and Juliet by W illiam Shakespeare In an  allusion  the reference may be to a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication. Examples of allusion: 1. David was being such a  scrooge!. Scrooge is the allusion, and it refers to Charles Dickens novel, A Christmas Carol. Scrooge was very greedy and unkind, which David was being compared to. ) 2. The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion on the Trojan horse from Greek mythology) 3. to wash one’s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it. ) 4. to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph’s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament) There are many advantages when you use an allusion: 1. You dont need to explain or clarify a problem in a lengthy way. 2. You make the reader become active by reflecting on the analogy. 3. You make your message memorable. What is anaphora? Anaphora  is a stylistic device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses to give them emphasis. This rhetorical device is contrasted with epiphora, also called epistrophe, which consists of repeating words at the end of clauses. Examples of anaphora Some examples of the literary works that use anaphora are listed below: In time  the savage bull sustains the yoke, In time  all haggard hawks will stoop to lure, In time  small wedges cleave the hardest oak, In time  the flint is pierced with softest shower. Thomas Kyd,  The Spanish Tragedy, I, vi. 3 Mad  world! Mad  kings! Mad  composition! William Shakespeare,  King John, II, Anticlimax (figure of speech) Anticlimax  refers to a figure of speech in which statements gradually descend in order of importance. Unlike  climax, anticlimax is the arrangement of a series of words, phrases, or clauses in order of decreasing importance. Examples of anticlimax These are some examples of anticlimax: 1. She is a great writer, a mother and a good humorist. 2. He lost his family, his car and his cell phone. What is antithesis? Antithesis  is a figure of speech which refers to the juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas. It involves the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure. Examples: These are examples of antithesis: * Man proposes, God disposes. * Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.   Goethe * We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.   Martin Luther King, Jr. * Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice * Many are called, but few are chosen. What is apostrophe? Apostrophe  is an exclamatory rhetorical  figure of speech, when a speaker or writer breaks off and directs speech to an imaginary person or abstract quality or idea. Examples Some examples of apostrophe are listed below: 1. O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times. Shakespeare,  Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1 Assonance Assonance  is a figure of speech that is found more often in verse than in prose. It refers to the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences. Examples of Assonance These are some examples: * the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain   The Raven  By Edgar Allan Poe * The crumbling thunder of seas Robert Louis Stevenson Cataphora Cataphora  refers to a figure of speech where an earlier expression refers to or describes a forward expression. Cataphora is the opposite ofanaphora, a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Examples of cataphora These are some examples: * If you want them, there are cookies in the kitchen. (them  is an instance of cataphora because it refers to  cookies  which hasnt been mentioned in the discourse prior to that point. * After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks. (he  is also a cataphoric reference to  the soldier  which is mentioned later in the discourse) More figures of speech Climax (figure of speech) Climax  refers to a figure of speech in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance. Examples of climax There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love. 1 Corinthians  13:13 3. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream What is Dysphemism? Dysphemism  is the use of a harsh, more offensive word instead of one considered less harsh. Dysphemism is often contrasted with  euphemism. Dysphemisms are generally used to shock or offend. Examples: These are examples of dysphemism: * Snail mail  for postal mail, * Cancer stick  in reference to a cigarette. * Egghead  for genius. * Worm food  for dead. * Pig  for policeman. * Bullshit  for lies. * Dead tree edition  for the paper version of a publication that can be found online * Fag  for homosexual man. What is ellipsis? Ellipsis  (or  elliptical construction  ) is the omission of a word or words. It refers to constructions in which words are left out of a sentence but the sentence can still be understood. Ellipsis helps us avoid a lot of redundancy. In fact there is a lot of redundancy in language and it can be surprising how much can be left out without losing much meaning, particularly when there are contextual clues as to the real meaning. Examples Some examples of ellipsis are listed below: * Lacy can do something about the problem, but I don’t know what (she can do. ) * She can help with the housework; Nancy can (help with the housework), too. John can speak seven languages, but Ron can speak only two (languages. ) The words between parentheses can be omitted and the sentences can still be meaningful. What is euphemism? Euphemism  is used to express a mild, indirect, or vague term to substitute for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term. Euphemism is often contrasted with  dysphemis m. Some euphemisms intend to amuse, while others intend to give positive appearances to negative events or even mislead entirely. Examples: These are examples of euphemism: * Going to the other side  for death, * Do it  or  come together  in reference to a sexual act. * Passed away  for die. On the streets  for homeless. * Adult entertainment  for pornography. * Comfort woman  for prostitute * Between jobs  for unemployed. Hyperbole What is hyperbole? Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. It may be used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken literally. Hyperboles are exaggerations to create emphasis or effect. Examples Examples of hyperbole include: * The bag weighed a ton. * I was so hungry; I could eat a horse! * Shes older than the hills. * I could sleep for a year; I was so tired. * Hes filthy rich. Hes got tons of money. Ive told you a million times to help with the hou sework. What is irony? Irony is a figure of speech in which there is a contradiction of expectation between what is said what is really meant. It is characterized by an incongruity, a contrast, between reality and appearance. There are three types of irony: verbal, dramatic and situational. Types of irony 1. Verbal irony: It is a contrast between what is  said  and what is  meant 2. Dramatic irony: It occurs when the audience or the reader knows more than the character about events. In other words, what the character thinks is true is incongruous with what the audience knows. . Situational irony: This refers to the contrast between the actual result of a situation and what was intended or expected to happen. Examples of irony * His argument was as clear as mud. * The two identical twins were arguing. One of them told the other: Youre ugly * The thieves robbed the police station. What is  lilotes? Lilotes  is a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an af firmative is expressed by negating its opposite. For example, instead of saying that someone is  mean, you can say  he is not very generous. Examples of  lilotes Hes not a very generous man. She is not very beautiful. He is not the friendliest person I ve met. What is oxymoron? An  oxymoron  is a figure of speech that combines incongruous or contradictory terms. The plural is  oxymorons  or  oxymora. Examples: An oximoron can be made of an adjective and a noun: * Dark light * Deafening silence * Living dead * Open secret * Virtual reality Oximorons can also be a combination of a noun and a verb. * The silence whistles Personification What is Personification? Personification is a figure of speech in which human characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality, animal, or inanimate object. Examples Notice the use of personification in William Blakes poem below: Two Sunflowers  Move in the Yellow Room. Ah, William, were weary of weather, said the sunflowers, shining with dew. Our traveling habits have tired us. Can you give us a room with a view? What are puns? A  pun, also called  paronomasia,  involves a word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are constructions used in jokes and idioms whose usage and meaning are entirely local to a particular language and its culture. To be understood, puns require a large vocabulary. Examples: These are examples of puns: * Atheism is a non-prophet institution The word prophet is put in place of its homophone profit, altering the common phrase non-profit institution. * Question: Why do we still have troops in Germany? Answer: To keep the Russians in Czech   Joke. This joke relies on the aural ambiguity of the homophones check and Czech What is metalepsis? Metalepsis  is a figure of speech in which reference is made to something by means of another thing that is remotely related to it, either through a causal relationship, or through another figure of speech. Examples of metalepsis 1. Was this the face that launched a thousand ships and burnt the topless towers of Ilium? Chistopher Marlowe,  Doctor Faustus A reference to the mythological figure Helen of Troy (or some would say, to Aphrodite). Her abduction by Paris was said to be the reason for a fleet of a thousand ships to be launched into battle, initiating the Trojan Wars. 2. Ive got to catch the worm tomorrow. The early bird catches the worm is a common maxim, advocating getting an early start on the day to achieve success. The subject, by referring to this maxim, is compared to the bird; tomorrow, the speaker will awaken early in order to achieve success. 3. A lead foot is driving behind me. This refers to someone who drives fast. This metalepsis is achieved only through a cause and effect relationship. Lead is heavy and a heavy foot would press the accelerator, and this would cause the car to speed. 4. He experienced a pallid death. While death has the effect of making the body look pale, describing death itself with the adjective pallid created a metaleptic expression. What is a metaphor? Unlike  simile,  metaphor  (from the Greek language: meaning transfer) is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a figure of speech that compares two or more things not using like or as. In the simplest case, this takes the form: X   is   Y Examples of metaphor: All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances; (William Shakespeare,  As You Like It, 2/7) What is metonymy? Metonymy  is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. Examples: Here are some examples of metonymy: * Crown. (For the power of a king. ) * The White House. (Referring to the American administration. ) * Dish. (To refer an entire plate of food. ) * The Pentagon. (For the Department of Defense and the offices of the U. S. Armed Forces. ) * Pen. (For the written word. ) * Sword (For military force. ) * Hollywood. (For US Cinema. ) * Hand. (For help. ) Consider this quote which is a metonymic adage coined by English author Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839 for his play  Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy: The pen is mightier than the sword. What is a simile? A  simile  is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things, often introduced with the word like or as. It takes the form of: * X  is (not) like  Y * X  is (not) as  Y * X  is (not) similar to  Y Examples of simile: * He fights like a lion. * He swims as fast as a fish. * He slithers like a snake. * My dad was a mechanic by trade when he was in the Army, When he got the tools out, he was like a surgeon. What is a synecdoche? Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or the whole of something is used to represent part of it. It is considered to be a special kind of  metonymy. Types and examples of synecdoche * Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing    A hundred head of cattle  (using the part  head  to refer to the whole animal) * The whole of a thing is used to represent part of it    The world treated him badly  (using  the world  to refer to part of the world) * A specific class of thing is used to refer to a larger, more general class    A bug  (used to refer to any kind of insect or arachnid, even if it is not a true bug) * A general class of thing is used to refer to a smaller, more specific class    The good book  (referring to the Bible or the  Quran) A material is used to refer to an object composed of that material    Glasses  or  steel  ( referring to spectacles or sword) * A container is used to refer to its contents A barrel  (referring to a barrel of oil) Present tenses he Present Perfect The Formation of the Present Perfect auxiliary verb  to have  (have/has) +  Participle II (the pr esent tense of the verb  to have  +  the past participle  of the main verb. ) The Past Perfect The Formation of the Past Perfect auxiliary verb  had  Ã‚  +  Participle II (the past tense of the verb  to have  +  the past participle  of the main verb. The Future Perfect The Formation of the Future Perfect auxiliary verb  shall/will have  +  Participle II (the future tense of the verb  to have  +  the past participle  of the main verb. ) Present Perfect FORM [has/have + past participle] Examples: * You  have seen  that movie many times. * Have  you  seen  that movie many times? * You  have not seen  that movie many times. Complete List of Present Perfect Forms USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples: * I  have seen  that movie twenty times. * I think I  have met  him once before. * There  have been  many earthquakes in California. * People  have traveled  to the Moon. * People  have not traveled  to Mars. * Have  you  read  the book yet? * Nobody  has  ever  climbed  that mountain. A:  Has  there ever  been  a war in the United States? B: Yes, there  has been  a war in the United States. How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? The concept of unspecified time can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1 Experienc e You can use