The History of Concrete and Cement

Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance known as an aggregate (usually made from different types of sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. Aggregates can include sand, crushed stone, gravel, slag, ashes, burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate (fine refers to the size of the aggregate particulates) is used in making concrete slabs and smooth surfaces. Coarse aggregate is used for massive structures or sections of cement. Cement has been around a lot longer than the building material we recognize as concrete. Cement in Antiquity Cement is thought to be older than humanity itself, having formed naturally 12 million years ago, when burnt limestone reacted with oil shale. Concrete dates back to at least 6500 BCE when the Nabatea of what we know now as Syria and Jordan used a precursor of modern-day concrete to build structures that survive to this day. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding substance or cement. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. The Nabateau are thought to have invented an early form of hydraulic concrete—which hardens when exposed to water—using lime. The adoption of concrete as a building material transformed architecture throughout the Roman Empire, making possible structures and designs that could not have been built using just the stone that had been a staple of early Roman architecture. Suddenly, arches and aesthetically ambitious architecture became much easier to build. The Romans used concrete to build still-standing landmarks such as the Baths, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The arrival of the Dark Ages, however, saw such artistic ambition dwindle alongside scientific progress. In fact, the Dark Ages saw many developed techniques for making and using concrete lost. Concrete would not take its next serious steps forward until long after the Dark Ages had passed. The Age of Enlightenment In 1756, the British engineer John Smeaton made the first modern concrete (hydraulic cement) by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing powered brick into the cement. Smeaton developed his new formula for concrete in order to build the third Eddystone Lighthouse, but his innovation drove a huge surge in the use of concrete in modern structures. In 1824, the English inventor Joseph Aspdin invented Portland Cement, which has remained the dominant form of cement used in concrete production. Aspdin created the first true artificial cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning process changed the chemical properties of the materials and allowed Aspdin to create a stronger cement than plain crushed limestone would produce. The Industrial Revolution Concrete took a historic step forward with the inclusion of ​embedded metal (usually steel) to form what’s now called reinforced concrete or ferroconcrete. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. Monier was a Parisian gardener who made garden pots and tubs of concrete reinforced with an iron mesh. Reinforced concrete combines the tensile or bendable strength of metal and the compressional strength of concrete to withstand heavy loads. Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of 1867. Besides his pots and tubs, Monier promoted reinforced concrete for use in railway ties, pipes, floors, and arches. Its uses also ended up including the first concrete-reinforced bridge and massive structures such as the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams.

What Elements Of Law Are Important For Other Workers At...

1. Identify and describe the specific issues Maalick encountered in the workplace. Do the actions of other workers at Treton represent discrimination and harassment? What elements of law are important for Treton to consider? In this particular case, Mr. Maalick received very clear and convincing racial and religious discrimination from both his supervisor and from his co-workers. The employees of Treton blatantly violated the Civil Rights Act and the Equal. Employment. Opportunity Commission. These acts do not allow, under any circumstances, discrimination based on the idea of race, color, sex, religion or age (The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | National Archives, n.d.). Mr. Maalick’s supervisor showed clear evidence of being judgmental and discriminatory when he was hesitant to grant the time off that Maalick had requested for his religious purposes. Clive Jenkins’ choice of words â€Å"this religion of yours† shows clear judgment on Maalick and his Internationalism religion. Jenkins also found it amusing that Treton’s own employees were playing pranks and making jokes towards Maalick which shows complete unprofessionalism on the part of Mr. Jenkins and it also sheds a poor light on the company. Treton has a policy that they stand firm on which is absolutely no harassment will be shown towards anyone based on religion or color. Maalick’s supervisor failed to do his part as a leader to stop this behavior among his employees before itShow MoreRelatedEssay on Case Study 11104 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ BUSI642: Case Study 1 Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment: What Ever Happened to MarShawn DeMur? January 17, 2015 Case Discussion Questions 1. Identify and describe the specific issues Maalick encountered in the workplace. Do the actions of other workers at Treton represent discrimination and harassment? What elements of law are important for Treton to consider? Maalick encountered religious discrimination on several occasions while at work. The first instanceRead MoreCase Study 11513 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty University Case Study 1 1. Identify and describe the specific issues DeMur encountered in the workplace. Do the actions of other workers at Treton represent discrimination and harassment? What elements of law are important for Treton to consider? DeMur found very clear issues that can relate to Harassment and Equal Employment Opportunity discrimination within his work place. It started when his supervisor was hesitant to grant him days off for a religious event. This event was something

The Factors of Eating Disorders Essay - 1821 Words

In modern culture, women and men are becoming less satisfied with their body shape. According to a report that was done by the Federal Trade Commission, seventy percent of Americans are either trying not to maintain their weight or are trying to lose weight (Kittleson 75). To compensate for being over weight, an individual will develop an eating disorder. According to Mark Kittleson, eating disorders are when an individual eats way too much or way too little (1). There are three different types of eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. According to Jessica Bennett, twenty-five million people in the United States suffer from binge eating disorder and ten million women and one million men suffer from either anorexia or†¦show more content†¦Studies have shown that three percent of males and eight percent of females who were in high school said that they have either purged or took laxatives to lose weight (3). The symptoms of bulimia are tooth erosion, swallowing problems, esophagus problems, and acute stomach distress (â€Å"Eating Disorders†). However, binge eating disorder is completely opposite from anorexia and bulimia. Binge eating is when a person over eats in a short period of time. According to Susan Frissell and Paula Harney, two percent of the population suffers from binge eating disorder (27). Studies show that depression, anxiety, high blood pressure, and stomach pain is found in many people who suffer from binge eating disorder (Elkins 45; Kittleson 4). Many people will develop binge eating disorder because they want to distract themselves from a painful event that has happened in their life (Frissell and Harney 27). Many researchers have found that genetics are linked to eating disorders. Studies have shown that genetics are responsible for 56% of the onset of bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating (Johnson and Bulik). The Eating Disorder Review said that a person is four times more likely to become bulimic and twelve t imes more likely to become anorexic if he or she has a sister or mother who suffers from an eating disorder (Kittleson 44). Studies of identical twins have alsoShow MoreRelatedCultural Factors Of Eating Disorders1696 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Factors Culture has been identified as one of the etiological factors leading to the development of eating disorders. Rates of these disorders appear to vary among different cultures and to change across time as cultures evolve. Additionally, eating disorders appear to be more widespread among contemporary cultural groups than was previously believed (Miller, 2010, para. 2). Miller (2010) also stated that a variety of American ethnic groups have higher levels of eating disorders than previouslyRead MoreChildhood Factors And Eating Disorders Symptoms Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesabout childhood factors and eating disorders symptoms. In the last two decades the prevalence of anorexia nervosa in South Korea has increased. The rate has increased from 0.03% in 1987 to 0.2 percent in 2007A study found that the Korean women with AN had higher levels of anxiety, perfectionism and an emotional childhood with a lower number of supportive figures compared to the healthy control group. The study supported ideas that personal vulnerability could be an important risk factor for developingRead MoreEating Disorders : Social And Cultural Factors1820 Words   |  8 PagesEating Disorders: Social and Cultural Factors Donna Vega West Coast University October 24, 2014 Abstract In today’s society, eating disorders has become one of the main factors leading to the increased mortality rates in the United States. The two major eating disorders include Anorexia and Bulimia. Young adults especially, are in greater risk of having an eating disorder. With eating disorders being the third leading cause of death in young adolescent girls, it has also acquired 15 percentRead MoreFactors That May Contribute to Eating Disorders Essay2039 Words   |  9 Pagescause of eating disorders, they can be a trigger or factor in maintain an eating disorder (Pearson, Catherine 1). In other words, if a woman has a predisposition for an eating disorder and spends a lot of time looking at fashion magazines, this can be one of the factors that trigger feeling bad about her body, which she then turns into eating disorder behavior, like excessive dieting (Is the media to blame 1).† The media should not be the blame for a person’s own self esteem problem. Eating disordersRead MoreSociocultural Factors that Lead to Eating Disorders in Young Women1604 Words   |  7 PagesSociocultural Factors that Lead to Eating Disorders in Young Women According to the DSM-5, anorexia nervosa is characterized by â€Å"distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat† while bulimia nervosa is characterized by â€Å"frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors such as self-induced vomiting to avoid weight gain† (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These two disorders most often affectRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ethnicity And Risk Factor For Eating Disorders1721 Words   |  7 PagesRisk Factor for Eating Disorders The relationship between ethnicity and eating disorder risk factors is a complex issue. There are many other variables that affect these two ideas, such as socioeconomic status, level of educational attainment, and acculturation. Flaws in studies such as unrepresentative and insubstantial sample size, and participation bias still have yet to be corrected for in order to obtain a more accurate understanding of the role ethnicity and its factors plays in eating disordersRead MoreEnvironmental Factors And Biological Factors That Predispose People Habits And Behaviors Of Eating Disorders1679 Words   |  7 Pages Environmental Factors and Biological Issues That Predispose People to Habits and Behaviors of Eating Disorders Brittany N. Rehberg GCC Abstract There is a direct correlation between environmental factors and the development of eating disorders. Issues, such as bullying and skeptical comments, have been largely ignored. This thesis will attempt to show that biological as well as environmental issues correlate with a variety of eating disorders. Eating disorders would be Anorexia, BulimiaRead More ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Examine How One or More Factors (Biological, Cognitive, Socio-Cultural) Influence Either One Specific Anxiety Disorder or One Specific Eating Disorder?1838 Words   |  8 PagesExamine how one or more factors (biological, cognitive, socio-cultural) influence either one specific anxiety disorder or one specific eating disorder? Abnormal psychology is a division of psychology that studies people who are ‘abnormal’ or ‘atypical’ compared to the members of a given society. However, it is essential to note the fact that it is a very vague and ambivalent term, not to mention the fact that our socio-cultural heritage and specific circumstances may affect our perspective uponRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa889 Words   |  4 PagesANAD Eating Disorder Statistics about thirty million people in America of all ages and genders suffer from one of the three main eating disorders. Many people suffer from more than one of the eating disorders. Only 1 in 10 individuals receive the treatment that is needed to recover(ANDA). Often eating disorders are known to be triggered by outside factors in their life, but studies show that it is more likely to be a part of their genetics. According to Webster the definition of an â€Å"Eating Disorder†Read MoreInfluence of American Mass Media Ideals on Body Image and Eating Disorders in the U.S1243 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of eating disorders? People living in countries influenced by Western culture show concern for their appearance or dietary habits daily. This paper will analyze the effect of mass media on the issues of body image and eating disorders in the United States. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) (2000) eating disorders are characterized by a disturbance in eating behavior, which can be eating too much, eating too little, or simply

Power Failure The Inside Story Of The Collapse Of Enron

General: Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron, Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, 432 pages, March 25, 2003, Crown Publishing Group, ISBN: 978-0-767-91368-3 Authors: The book is written by two authors: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins. Mimi Swartz is a journalist who graduated from Hampshire College. She has written for many publications. Her work has been included in Slate, Vanity Fair, National Geographic, The New Yorker, and the New York Times. Currently, she serves as an executive editor for Texas Monthly. Ms. Swartz is a long time resident of Texas, and was able to use her experiences and insight into the Texan psyche to highlight the personalities of the Texas company and the attitude of its employees. Sherron Watkins has a Bachelor s in Business Administration from the University of Texas and a Master s in Professional Accounting, also from the University of Texas. She went to work at the accounting firm of Arthur Andersen, which was the accounting firm that handled Enron s books. After Arthur Anderson, Watkins worked for three years at MG Trade Finance, a division of Metallgesellschaft AG, a large conglomerate that specialized in mining, chemicals, and finance. Watkins went to Enron after MG, where she stayed from 1993 until 2002, following its infamous bankruptcy. Sherron Watkins worked at many different portions of Enron, eventually becoming a vice president. She was one of the whistleblowers regarding Enron s failure,Show MoreRelatedPower Failure : The Inside Story Of The Collapse Of Enron1837 Words   |  8 PagesGeneral Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron, Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, 432 pages, March 25, 2003, Crown Publishing Group, ISBN: 978-0-767-91368-3 Authors The book is written by two authors: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins. Mimi Swartz is a journalist who graduated from Hampshire College. She has written for many publications. Her work has been included in Slate, Vanity Fair, National Geographic, The New Yorker, and the New York Times. Currently, she serves as an executiveRead MoreEnron Stakeholders1700 Words   |  7 PagesBA 215 Spring 2007 Enron Stakeholder Assignment Enron was a dream come true for a lot of people, but it was also a nightmare waiting to happen for many more. I am going to examine the collapse of Enron from the management perspective. The three examples of Enron behaving badly that I am going to study are the incidents in Valhalla, the electricity trading in California and the conflict of interest between Andy Fastow and his special purpose entities (SPE). These are just a few cases that ledRead MoreEnron Stakeholders Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Stakeholder Assignment Enron was a dream come true for a lot of people, but it was also a nightmare waiting to happen for many more. I am going to examine the collapse of Enron from the management perspective. The three examples of Enron behaving badly that I am going to study are the incidents in Valhalla, the electricity trading in California and the conflict of interest between Andy Fastow and his special purpose entities (SPE). These are just a few cases that led to the failure ofRead MoreLegal Issue-Enron1774 Words   |  8 PagesLegal Issue in Business: The Case of Enron [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Legal Issue in Business: The Case of Enron Introduction Business ethics is based on normative ethics , standards that ethics are upheld and applied specific to distinguish what is right or wrong, that is to say what should be done or who should not be fact. However, with few exceptions, business ethicists are usually less interested in the foundations of ethics (meta-ethics) or by the principlesRead MoreEnron Case Study Essay2248 Words   |  9 PagesEnron Summery of Enron case The Enron scandal has far-reaching political and financial implications. In just 15 years, Enron grew from nowhere to be Americas seventh largest company, employing 21,000 staff in more than 40 countries. But the firms success turned out to have involved an elaborate scam. Enron lied about its profits and stands accused of a range of shady dealings, including concealing debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts. As the depth of the deceptionRead MoreEnron Ethical Issue8130 Words   |  33 PagesENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES Lecturer: DR SITI ZELEHA ABDUL RASHID Prepared by: SAMIRA ALVANDI SHAHRZAD KARIMI HAMED KHAZAEI 1 ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES 2 ENRON ACCOUNTING FAILURE AND ETHICAL ISSUES Table of content: Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...4 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2. Literature review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Rise and Fall of Enron2970 Words   |  12 PagesThe Leadership of Kenneth Lay 5 Contributing Factors for Enron’s Debacle 7 Power Abuse 7 Fraudulent Accounting Practices 7 Employees and Board members 8 Investors Grief 9 Auditors and external regulatory agency 9 Conclusion 9 The debacle of Enron, led not only the company to bankruptcy but also its employees and shareholders. Unethical leadership and vested interests played a significant role in its imminent failure. Very few had the courage to challenge authority and leave when faced withRead MoreEnron Case2918 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary The United States that have been considered as a super power country and also the direction of science disciplines including accounting must felt bitterness. Business scandals that happened seemed eliminate confidence by the business world about the practice of good corporate governance in the United States. Enron was a company that was ranked as seventh out of the five hundred leading companies in the United States and is the largest U.S. energy company that wentRead MoreBusiness Leadership in Enron4743 Words   |  19 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Enron stands out as one of the biggest failures in business history. It’s implosion in 2001 took the world capital markets and shook the investor confidence in accounting and financial reporting. It even caused the world’s renowned international accounting firm Arthur Andersen to collapse. The most important gatekeeper could not predict Enron’s collapse before it occurred. It was then discovered that Enrons’ senior management had employed complex creative accounting techniquesRead MoreUnethical Business Practice-a Case Study of the Downfall of Two Major Companies2606 Words   |  11 Pages 1 Unethical Business Practices: A Case Study of the Downfall of Two Major Corporations Sharon Purpuro New Jersey City University Unethical Business Practices 2 Abstract The following pages will tell the story of how two very successful companies met their downfalls at the hands of some very greedy top executives and boards of trustees that chose to look the other way all because of one common denominator - greed. The tremendous pressure by stockholders

Madonna Case Analysis Free Essays

The following case study covers the foundation of Madonna’s business success and her continued global popularity over the past 20 years. Madonna has influenced people all over the world. Her quest for Superstardom is evident in her wide range of endeavors such as her records, concerts, movies, books, and charity events. We will write a custom essay sample on Madonna Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now She has the skill to market herself as a product while maintaining an edge, yet it is her experiences and sense of the world, art, fashion, drama and most importantly her intellect that make Madonna a global superstar. In examining Madonna’s career from a strategic analysis it is important to recognize her global and industrial impact as well as look into her brand name from a business perspective. Regarding her brand name there is competition, strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats. Analysis Environmental Analysis Madonna has had a great impact on the global environment through her countless charity efforts. Specifically, in 2006 she started an organization called Raising Malawi, a non-profit organization supporting community based organizations that provide vulnerable children and caregivers with nutritious food, proper clothing, secure shelter, formal education, targeted medical care, emotional care and psychosocial support. In addition, Raising Malawi supports non-government organizations that offer impoverished families with innovative opportunities for sustainability such as Millennium Promise and International Medical Corps. Millennium Promise is a non-profit organization which works towards the halving extreme poverty in Africa by 2015, working with impoverished communities, national and local governments, and partner organizations to implement high-impact programs aimed at transforming lives on the continent and engaging donor nations, corporations, and the general public in the effort. Also, on corporate, community, and academic levels, Madonna matches every dollar donated to Raising Malawi. In addition to her own organization she still donates to several other causes, many relating to children, and is a patron of Children of Peace, a foundation that is dedicated to supporting programs that serve traumatized children regardless of race, religion or cultural background. Industry Analysis The music industry can be a difficult place to achieve long-term success. This is has been proved hundreds of times in cases of the infamous â€Å"one hit wonders†. It is an industry where an entertainer can literally go from being star to being a has-been overnight. Music fans like to hear something new and fresh, which can be difficult for many musicians accomplish. Madonna has kept reinventing herself and her music, and thus has had a tremendous impact on the music industry. Her kind of talent comes along very rarely. In terms of industry success, she is the female Elvis Presley. Firm Analysis Madonna is the clear leader of her corporation and is the ultimate businesswoman. From her legendary work ethic to her moves as a businesswoman, Madonna is a resounding corporate success. Her career was further enhanced by film appearances despite mixed reviews. She won critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her role in Evita (1996), but has received harsh criticism for other film roles. Madonna’s other business ventures include being a fashion designer, children’s book author, film director and producer. In 2007, she signed an unprecedented $120 million contract with Live Nation. Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide and is recognized as the world’s top-selling female recording artist of all time by the Guinness World Records. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female artist in the United States, behind Barbra Streisand, with 64 million certified albums. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked Madonna at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of the Billboard chart. She was also inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the same year. Current Problems As with most things in life, tastes change. Madonna will have to continue producing music to meet the changing tastes of her fan base. She has been successful at this in the past, but distractions exist now that didn’t exist before, and this may cause her to lose focus on the music. An ongoing problem that hurts Madonna directly in the purse is the ease in which music can be downloaded for free from the internet. Most consumers want music at the best possible price, and don’t really consider how this hurts the artist who produced it. SWOT Analysis Strengths: The Madonna name, all by itself, makes people stand up and take notice. Madonna’s work ethic and drive to succeed are major strengths as well. The constant reinvention of herself and her music make Madonna a force to be reckoned with. Her involvement with charitable causes adds to the overall strength of the Madonna brand name. Her live shows are perennial sell-outs because her music appeals to a worldwide audience. Weaknesses: Madonna’s charitable work can also be a weakness because time spent with charitable causes takes time away from writing and performing her music. Madonna is getting older, and aging does take its toll on a person’s energy level. Getting actively involved with music, movies, charitable causes, and family might create a situation where Madonna is spread too thin. One or more areas of her career might suffer as a consequence. Opportunities: The music-loving world seems to get bored with â€Å"old† and craves â€Å"new†. With her endless talent, Madonna can provide the â€Å"new† that the public wants. In fact in January 2008 she was named the world’s wealthiest female musician by Forbes magazine, with estimated earnings of more than $72 million in the last year alone. Madonna has had a unique way of reinventing herself and evolving as a person and musician. Her constant evolvement has kept her highly respected and sought after. Her name by itself creates opportunity. Anywhere she wants to put her name it will generate profit. Her opportunities are endless. This is evident in her endeavors such as her records, concerts, movies, books, and charity events. Threats: Fans of motion pictures love young, new talent. The same is true for the music industry. Up and coming musicians are a direct threat to Madonna’s reign at the top of the charts. Also, throughout Madonna’s career she has been a lightning rod for religious and sexual controversy. Discussion Critical Issues If the past repeats itself, Madonna will be a success in any venture she undertakes. If she decides to be more involved in her charitable causes, Madonna’s focus must be on these charities and not on starring in a movie. As Madonna gets older, the ability to perform live night after night will diminish. This issue might have a solution if venues with a large seating capacity are used, and some smaller cities are left off the tour schedule. Recommendations and Rationale I think it is safe to say that Madonna can accomplish anything she wants. She will be mentioned historically in the same context as Elvis Presley and Paul McCartney. Her concerts consistently sell out globally. Wherever her name brand is it is generating revenue. At this point in her life she has assumed iconic status and her opportunities are endless. At this point it’s up to her to indicate what she wants to do next. Conclusion Considered to be one of the â€Å"25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century† by Time for being an influential figure in contemporary music, Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a fresh and hip standard within the recording industry. She is recognized as an inspiration among numerous music artists and her humanitarian work touches thousands, if not millions of lives. References http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/201-madonna#ixzz1BDKYjr52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer) How to cite Madonna Case Analysis, Essay examples

Electronic Crime and Digital Forensics Analysis

Question: As part of the auditing team in capacity of a Digital Forensics expert, prepare digital forensics investigative plan to enable a systematic collection of evidence and subsequent forensic analysis of the electronic and digital data. Assuming all systems are Windows based, this plan should detail following: 1. justify why use of the digital forensic methodology and approach is warranted including procedures for corporate investigation. 2. describe the resources required to conduct a digital forensic investigation, including team member skill sets and required tools. 3. outline an approach for data/evidence identification and acquisition that would occur in order to prepare the auditors for review of the digital evidence. 4. outline an approach and steps to be taken during the analysis phase making the assumption the computer system is a Microsoft Windows-based computer. 5. create a table of contents for the investigative plan describing what the primary focus of the report would be. Answer: Introduction World philosophies are starting ever-increasing needs on digital systems and networks. This reliance is charming ordinary and in certain cases essential in numerous peoples has some types of standard day-to-day actions which presumes considerable similarity to the additional traditional variations that have enthused in to adjust our lives, the obtain ability of digital technology unavoidably leads to misappropriation by anti-social or wicked persons as well as normal populations. Digital Forensic is a division of forensic discipline that involves investigation of contents and material present in any digital devices often Computers and Mobiles. It know how to have number of use in order to support any hypothesis or evidence in courts. Whenever the crime involves any network or computer it is termed as Electronic or Computer offense. Such crime are frequently committed either next to any individual or it involves a group maybe a company or any organization.[1] Digital Forensics provides Digital evidence associated with e-crime. Digital evidence is any information stored in the form of binary digits and can be offered in court. It can be any hard drive, a CD, a flash card or a mobile phone. An additional vital feature of any digital forensic is that it can be used as private investigation while following legal consideration and international legislation. Thus in order to proceed in any investigation, a digital forensic investigation plan is developed which includes different forensic methodologies to be followed after analyzing the whole case and then preparing an outline of the procedure followed along with the evidence. In this case study a computer forensic team and laboratory needs to be setup including the necessary equipment and facility required. Total budget involved in the setting needs to be determined along with the type of experts needed in the team and thus creating a Digital forensic plan. Current Perception of Forensic Science Before hand deliberating the present awareness with regards to the forensic science, this conversation emphases on phases usually elaborated in familiarizing societys idea of hatefulusage of numerous technologies. First is aunderstanding by customers that the novel technology can be cast-off for unlawful and perhapsillegalresolutions. Risingapprehensionshadows as occurrencesyield andconvertedinto more thoughtful. The cumulativecapacity of misappropriation and percentage of illegalactionfinallyreasonsspecialists to distinguish that they necessitate some level of proficiency to assistancein reorganization, knowing, and frustrate any future incorrectdoing. Specialists then nurturequalified expertise, edifice on a profounderindulgent of the difficulty, its indications, and the incentives of those tangled in unlawfulactions. Founded on these phases, the complexity of their applicationconverts to a gathering of numerousconnected factors. The first featurereports the difficultyelaborate in the knowledge. True themematerialspecialists are compulsory to have a comprehensiveconsiderate of the accompanyingskill as a precondition to utteringsuppositionsnearby the confirmations. The second influence is that adequateinvestigation must service the techniques required to scrutinize and investigatesuggestions that could convertedto evidence. Till now, movements to report both of these connectedinfluences have been carefullyassociated with the construction and development of maximum forensic corrections. Digital Forensic Methodologies Normal forensic examination methods comprise the subsequent: Chromatography, hair, spectroscopy and fiber analysis. Pathology, toxicology, anthropology, examination of questionable documents odontology andstructural engineering. Behavioral outlines exposed by assessments, such as polygraphs and psychological exams We can see in broad way as: a) Identification recognizing a happening from indicators and crucial its sort. this can be not expressly at intervals the sphere of forensics, however important as a result of it impacts alternative steps. Here the case is identified as misuse of emails and leaking of crucial information from the main office desk. b) Preparation making ready the techniques we need to apply using tools aided for applications like search warrants, and watching authorizations and management hold up. Preparation of an investigation plan to proceed is done in this step. c) Preservation cut off, protect and conserve the condition of physical and digital proof. This comprises stopping individuals from victimization digital device also permitting alternative magnetic attraction devices which are needed to be utilized at intervals associate affected radius. d) Assortment documentation of the physical view and photocopy digital evidence victimization homogeneous and conventional procedures. f) Examination in detail methodical search of proof concerning the suspected offense. This centers on distinguishing and position probable proof, presumably at intervals unusual locations. Proper Documentation and legal legislation requests to be followed and scrutinize in order to catch the suspect. g) Presentation Recapitulate and supply rationalization of wrapping up this could be in print in an exceedingly common persons terms victimization abstracted classification. All abstracted classification ought to allusion the particular particulars. After collecting relative information and evidence it can be presented in an investigation report format to the concerned official and discuss its consequences. h) Returning proof guaranteeing substantial and digital correctly is came to appropriate owner similarly as crucial however and what criminal proof should be detached. once more not an exact forensics step, but any representation that grab hold of proof seldom deal with this facet. Proper investigation will always lead to the correct suspect with proof.Different Forensic equipment used helped in locating the evidence and the case comes at final step. Why Digital Forensics The massive common of investigative methods laboring by old-style forensic science cultivated out of laboratories. Finished time, supplementary federal, public, and local powers that be understood the significance and requirement of methodical examination. Specialist with specific attention in the forensic characteristics of investigation initiated to change over their observes to recently recognized laboratories that absorbed on forensic investigation in upkeep of the courts. This tendency leftover true to this day, though, as detailed beforehand, forensic examination of computer structures has occupied a dissimilar evolutionary route. In totaling, the courts also assumed that these investigative methods were not unquestionable. They were consequent by investigation that controlled (or should comprehend) procedures of fault and other catalogues to support pronounce the authenticity of figures and description results. This thought directed to the expansion of principles and guidelines of acceptability of professional demonstration that must escort scientifically consequent reference confirmation (Eckert, 1997) Frequently in criminal chronicles, the courts and public views have derived to be dependent profoundly on assured confirmation consequent by the systematic method. Possibly the furthermost frequently quantified but minimum agreed is DNA profiling. This some what novel method is completed for the courts as a procedure recycled by criminological serologists. It is trusted upon since of its alleged capability to distinguish despondent to the side by side of the specific, as a result exchange other, elder methods comparable to blood typing for example a principal evidentiary contrivance. Till very lately, the scientific communal has been noticeably inattentive from the expansion of values, procedures, and conventions connected to forensic examination of digital mechanisms. This tendency has commanded to court dependencies on instance relatively than arithmetical consequence and repeatability when governing on acceptability of suggestion consequent from digital foundations. As judges, juries, resistance prosecutors, and quality managers developed well-informed in digital technology and appreciate its complication entirely, it is probable that we will perceive the call for an additional difficult method to digital forensic examination. How it will come in action When this practice activates, decision-makers will request additional convincing questions and anticipate more thorough, methodically established clarifications from those providing testament or convincing opinions. This novel opinion of proof, coupled with progressively active, networked surroundings, will strength a example change. This pattern change will gradually adjust law implementations usage of knowledge and permit for broader usage of forensic practices in commercial, business, management, and the military. Solution Path : Digital Forensic The forensic examination of computer systems, whether in provision of the courts or decision-makers in occupational or military processes, has the identical objective: persuasion based on factual evidence. The evidence essential be enough to assistance to bind a judge and jury to a judgment or assisting a decision-maker to alter supply distributions or operational objectives. At the essential, they are fundamentally matching but are acknowledged by dissimilar names. Resources and Budget involved Various Software help in the investigation process in case of any electronic crimes and thus their utilization comes into existence. The resources required would be some hardwares as well as some softwares.Some of type of forensics needed to be done are Network Forensic It is connected to the checking and study of computer network transfer for the reasons of in sequence meeting, legal proof, or interruption detection[5] Email Forensic Wipe away or removing an email doesnt of necessity denote that it is gone everlastingly frequently emails can be forensically take out even following removal. Forensic tracing of e-mail is alike to conventional police officer work. As here in this incident the case is about misuse of email and network traffic. Hacking of some passwords and increase in number of spams are also some of the aspects to ponder. The resources required can be categorized on the basis of hardware and softwares. Hardware Required S.no. Hardware Properties Estimated Cost 1 Forensic Systems It consists of integrated processing platforms and it can handle challenging computer cases. It bring the aptitude to easily duplicate proof in a straight line from IDE/SAS/SATA drives, USB devices, Firmware devices, CDs, DVDs, LTO-4 tape and PC Card/Smartmedia/SD-MMC/Memory Stick/Compact Flash media in a forensically sound environment. $6,712 2 FREDC Forensic network A Forensic system is a sequence of dispensation and imaging computers linked and integrated in a straight line with a high-speed and high-capacity server to distribute resources. The file member of staff serving at table function as the core of the Forensic Network and can be used as a central storage facility for Forensic Images as well as applications software for use by the client processing and imaging stations. $4,671 3 Forensic devices Standalone forensic devices which address specific needs of the Computer Forensics Investigator $2,545 4 Other Accessories These accessories may include different adapters, enclosures, protocol modules and many more $1,289 Expertise of assembling forensic team The assembling team for forensics must include a number of experts ranging from the field of Law to the system expert. The experts to be included must in the team are A Lead investigator A lead investigator leads the case and identifies and analyses every aspect of case taken. They have all basic knowledge in every proceeding and accomplishes task at his intelligence level They gather clues, evidences and suspects and collects every detail of the proceeding Co-Investigator They assist the lead investigators in collecting relevant information and providing details to the other department members present in the investigation team. They act as a bridge between the departments and lead investigator Legal Expert They are responsible for taking in account all legal considerations and legislation while collecting information. They take into account every step and procedure being followed by the investigators under law. They also advise the legal restrictions while investigation. Security Department Officer Their role is to provide information and evidence regarding the incidents that is happening. They are accountable to all those security steps being followed and care taken in the organization. Technical Expert To carry out the identification process and analysis there comes the need of a Technical expert. As we see here there is a misuse of email then respective software must be used by the expert to identify the loophole. Conclusion Events of dependability and correctness for the procedures and approachescast-off in examinationcustomarilyspread the level of self-assurancepredictable in the proof and complementarywitness. Evidenceconsequent from computer criminologicalinvestigation has however to be opposed to any excessive range by security lawyers in jurisdictional reports or specialists in inquiries of computer misapplication. Most procedurescast-off nowadays are anticipated conceivable if not unquestionablesince they are established by reliable companies, used by specialists or experts in the field, and recycled beforehand in benches or other backgrounds to influence experts. In the nearby future, the gathering, synthesis, and association of data after all of these foundations and more will be self-motivated to soundings, both public and criminal. Of cumulativesignificance will be the requirement for suggestion, and the approaches and practices used to reveal it, to be precise, consistent, and recognized as average preparation in digital forensic investigation. References Computer forensic tool testing program, computer imaging specification, version 3.1.6, national institute of standards and technology. Available at: www.cftt.nist.gov Eckert, w. G., introduction to forensic sciences, 1997, crc press. Federal rules of evidence, article vii. Opinion and expert testimony, rule 702 rule 703. Available at: www.house.gov/judiciary/evid00.pdf Foster, k., r huber, judging science: scientific knowledge and the federal courts, 1997, mit press. Koehler, j. J., a. Chia, s. Lindsey, , the random match probability in dna evidence: irrelevant or prejudicial, jurimetrics journal, 1995, winter, pp. 201-219. Pollack j., us district court, pa: u.s. V plaza, acosta (cr. No. 98-362-10, 11,12), strengthening the criteria for admissibility of fingerprint evidence, judicial opinion. Computer crime investigation computer forensicssource: information systems security, summer 97, vol. 6 issue 2, p56, 25p. an examination of digital forensic models international journal of digital evidence fall 2002, volume 1, issue 3 mark reith, clintcarr, gregggunsch, department of electrical and computer engineering, graduate school of engineering and management,air force institute of technology,wright-pattersonafb, oh 45433-7765