Electronic Crime and Digital Forensics Analysis

Question: As part of the auditing team in capacity of a Digital Forensics expert, prepare digital forensics investigative plan to enable a systematic collection of evidence and subsequent forensic analysis of the electronic and digital data. Assuming all systems are Windows based, this plan should detail following: 1. justify why use of the digital forensic methodology and approach is warranted including procedures for corporate investigation. 2. describe the resources required to conduct a digital forensic investigation, including team member skill sets and required tools. 3. outline an approach for data/evidence identification and acquisition that would occur in order to prepare the auditors for review of the digital evidence. 4. outline an approach and steps to be taken during the analysis phase making the assumption the computer system is a Microsoft Windows-based computer. 5. create a table of contents for the investigative plan describing what the primary focus of the report would be. Answer: Introduction World philosophies are starting ever-increasing needs on digital systems and networks. This reliance is charming ordinary and in certain cases essential in numerous peoples has some types of standard day-to-day actions which presumes considerable similarity to the additional traditional variations that have enthused in to adjust our lives, the obtain ability of digital technology unavoidably leads to misappropriation by anti-social or wicked persons as well as normal populations. Digital Forensic is a division of forensic discipline that involves investigation of contents and material present in any digital devices often Computers and Mobiles. It know how to have number of use in order to support any hypothesis or evidence in courts. Whenever the crime involves any network or computer it is termed as Electronic or Computer offense. Such crime are frequently committed either next to any individual or it involves a group maybe a company or any organization.[1] Digital Forensics provides Digital evidence associated with e-crime. Digital evidence is any information stored in the form of binary digits and can be offered in court. It can be any hard drive, a CD, a flash card or a mobile phone. An additional vital feature of any digital forensic is that it can be used as private investigation while following legal consideration and international legislation. Thus in order to proceed in any investigation, a digital forensic investigation plan is developed which includes different forensic methodologies to be followed after analyzing the whole case and then preparing an outline of the procedure followed along with the evidence. In this case study a computer forensic team and laboratory needs to be setup including the necessary equipment and facility required. Total budget involved in the setting needs to be determined along with the type of experts needed in the team and thus creating a Digital forensic plan. Current Perception of Forensic Science Before hand deliberating the present awareness with regards to the forensic science, this conversation emphases on phases usually elaborated in familiarizing societys idea of hatefulusage of numerous technologies. First is aunderstanding by customers that the novel technology can be cast-off for unlawful and perhapsillegalresolutions. Risingapprehensionshadows as occurrencesyield andconvertedinto more thoughtful. The cumulativecapacity of misappropriation and percentage of illegalactionfinallyreasonsspecialists to distinguish that they necessitate some level of proficiency to assistancein reorganization, knowing, and frustrate any future incorrectdoing. Specialists then nurturequalified expertise, edifice on a profounderindulgent of the difficulty, its indications, and the incentives of those tangled in unlawfulactions. Founded on these phases, the complexity of their applicationconverts to a gathering of numerousconnected factors. The first featurereports the difficultyelaborate in the knowledge. True themematerialspecialists are compulsory to have a comprehensiveconsiderate of the accompanyingskill as a precondition to utteringsuppositionsnearby the confirmations. The second influence is that adequateinvestigation must service the techniques required to scrutinize and investigatesuggestions that could convertedto evidence. Till now, movements to report both of these connectedinfluences have been carefullyassociated with the construction and development of maximum forensic corrections. Digital Forensic Methodologies Normal forensic examination methods comprise the subsequent: Chromatography, hair, spectroscopy and fiber analysis. Pathology, toxicology, anthropology, examination of questionable documents odontology andstructural engineering. Behavioral outlines exposed by assessments, such as polygraphs and psychological exams We can see in broad way as: a) Identification recognizing a happening from indicators and crucial its sort. this can be not expressly at intervals the sphere of forensics, however important as a result of it impacts alternative steps. Here the case is identified as misuse of emails and leaking of crucial information from the main office desk. b) Preparation making ready the techniques we need to apply using tools aided for applications like search warrants, and watching authorizations and management hold up. Preparation of an investigation plan to proceed is done in this step. c) Preservation cut off, protect and conserve the condition of physical and digital proof. This comprises stopping individuals from victimization digital device also permitting alternative magnetic attraction devices which are needed to be utilized at intervals associate affected radius. d) Assortment documentation of the physical view and photocopy digital evidence victimization homogeneous and conventional procedures. f) Examination in detail methodical search of proof concerning the suspected offense. This centers on distinguishing and position probable proof, presumably at intervals unusual locations. Proper Documentation and legal legislation requests to be followed and scrutinize in order to catch the suspect. g) Presentation Recapitulate and supply rationalization of wrapping up this could be in print in an exceedingly common persons terms victimization abstracted classification. All abstracted classification ought to allusion the particular particulars. After collecting relative information and evidence it can be presented in an investigation report format to the concerned official and discuss its consequences. h) Returning proof guaranteeing substantial and digital correctly is came to appropriate owner similarly as crucial however and what criminal proof should be detached. once more not an exact forensics step, but any representation that grab hold of proof seldom deal with this facet. Proper investigation will always lead to the correct suspect with proof.Different Forensic equipment used helped in locating the evidence and the case comes at final step. Why Digital Forensics The massive common of investigative methods laboring by old-style forensic science cultivated out of laboratories. Finished time, supplementary federal, public, and local powers that be understood the significance and requirement of methodical examination. Specialist with specific attention in the forensic characteristics of investigation initiated to change over their observes to recently recognized laboratories that absorbed on forensic investigation in upkeep of the courts. This tendency leftover true to this day, though, as detailed beforehand, forensic examination of computer structures has occupied a dissimilar evolutionary route. In totaling, the courts also assumed that these investigative methods were not unquestionable. They were consequent by investigation that controlled (or should comprehend) procedures of fault and other catalogues to support pronounce the authenticity of figures and description results. This thought directed to the expansion of principles and guidelines of acceptability of professional demonstration that must escort scientifically consequent reference confirmation (Eckert, 1997) Frequently in criminal chronicles, the courts and public views have derived to be dependent profoundly on assured confirmation consequent by the systematic method. Possibly the furthermost frequently quantified but minimum agreed is DNA profiling. This some what novel method is completed for the courts as a procedure recycled by criminological serologists. It is trusted upon since of its alleged capability to distinguish despondent to the side by side of the specific, as a result exchange other, elder methods comparable to blood typing for example a principal evidentiary contrivance. Till very lately, the scientific communal has been noticeably inattentive from the expansion of values, procedures, and conventions connected to forensic examination of digital mechanisms. This tendency has commanded to court dependencies on instance relatively than arithmetical consequence and repeatability when governing on acceptability of suggestion consequent from digital foundations. As judges, juries, resistance prosecutors, and quality managers developed well-informed in digital technology and appreciate its complication entirely, it is probable that we will perceive the call for an additional difficult method to digital forensic examination. How it will come in action When this practice activates, decision-makers will request additional convincing questions and anticipate more thorough, methodically established clarifications from those providing testament or convincing opinions. This novel opinion of proof, coupled with progressively active, networked surroundings, will strength a example change. This pattern change will gradually adjust law implementations usage of knowledge and permit for broader usage of forensic practices in commercial, business, management, and the military. Solution Path : Digital Forensic The forensic examination of computer systems, whether in provision of the courts or decision-makers in occupational or military processes, has the identical objective: persuasion based on factual evidence. The evidence essential be enough to assistance to bind a judge and jury to a judgment or assisting a decision-maker to alter supply distributions or operational objectives. At the essential, they are fundamentally matching but are acknowledged by dissimilar names. Resources and Budget involved Various Software help in the investigation process in case of any electronic crimes and thus their utilization comes into existence. The resources required would be some hardwares as well as some softwares.Some of type of forensics needed to be done are Network Forensic It is connected to the checking and study of computer network transfer for the reasons of in sequence meeting, legal proof, or interruption detection[5] Email Forensic Wipe away or removing an email doesnt of necessity denote that it is gone everlastingly frequently emails can be forensically take out even following removal. Forensic tracing of e-mail is alike to conventional police officer work. As here in this incident the case is about misuse of email and network traffic. Hacking of some passwords and increase in number of spams are also some of the aspects to ponder. The resources required can be categorized on the basis of hardware and softwares. Hardware Required S.no. Hardware Properties Estimated Cost 1 Forensic Systems It consists of integrated processing platforms and it can handle challenging computer cases. It bring the aptitude to easily duplicate proof in a straight line from IDE/SAS/SATA drives, USB devices, Firmware devices, CDs, DVDs, LTO-4 tape and PC Card/Smartmedia/SD-MMC/Memory Stick/Compact Flash media in a forensically sound environment. $6,712 2 FREDC Forensic network A Forensic system is a sequence of dispensation and imaging computers linked and integrated in a straight line with a high-speed and high-capacity server to distribute resources. The file member of staff serving at table function as the core of the Forensic Network and can be used as a central storage facility for Forensic Images as well as applications software for use by the client processing and imaging stations. $4,671 3 Forensic devices Standalone forensic devices which address specific needs of the Computer Forensics Investigator $2,545 4 Other Accessories These accessories may include different adapters, enclosures, protocol modules and many more $1,289 Expertise of assembling forensic team The assembling team for forensics must include a number of experts ranging from the field of Law to the system expert. The experts to be included must in the team are A Lead investigator A lead investigator leads the case and identifies and analyses every aspect of case taken. They have all basic knowledge in every proceeding and accomplishes task at his intelligence level They gather clues, evidences and suspects and collects every detail of the proceeding Co-Investigator They assist the lead investigators in collecting relevant information and providing details to the other department members present in the investigation team. They act as a bridge between the departments and lead investigator Legal Expert They are responsible for taking in account all legal considerations and legislation while collecting information. They take into account every step and procedure being followed by the investigators under law. They also advise the legal restrictions while investigation. Security Department Officer Their role is to provide information and evidence regarding the incidents that is happening. They are accountable to all those security steps being followed and care taken in the organization. Technical Expert To carry out the identification process and analysis there comes the need of a Technical expert. As we see here there is a misuse of email then respective software must be used by the expert to identify the loophole. Conclusion Events of dependability and correctness for the procedures and approachescast-off in examinationcustomarilyspread the level of self-assurancepredictable in the proof and complementarywitness. Evidenceconsequent from computer criminologicalinvestigation has however to be opposed to any excessive range by security lawyers in jurisdictional reports or specialists in inquiries of computer misapplication. Most procedurescast-off nowadays are anticipated conceivable if not unquestionablesince they are established by reliable companies, used by specialists or experts in the field, and recycled beforehand in benches or other backgrounds to influence experts. In the nearby future, the gathering, synthesis, and association of data after all of these foundations and more will be self-motivated to soundings, both public and criminal. Of cumulativesignificance will be the requirement for suggestion, and the approaches and practices used to reveal it, to be precise, consistent, and recognized as average preparation in digital forensic investigation. References Computer forensic tool testing program, computer imaging specification, version 3.1.6, national institute of standards and technology. Available at: www.cftt.nist.gov Eckert, w. G., introduction to forensic sciences, 1997, crc press. Federal rules of evidence, article vii. Opinion and expert testimony, rule 702 rule 703. Available at: www.house.gov/judiciary/evid00.pdf Foster, k., r huber, judging science: scientific knowledge and the federal courts, 1997, mit press. Koehler, j. J., a. Chia, s. Lindsey, , the random match probability in dna evidence: irrelevant or prejudicial, jurimetrics journal, 1995, winter, pp. 201-219. Pollack j., us district court, pa: u.s. V plaza, acosta (cr. No. 98-362-10, 11,12), strengthening the criteria for admissibility of fingerprint evidence, judicial opinion. Computer crime investigation computer forensicssource: information systems security, summer 97, vol. 6 issue 2, p56, 25p. an examination of digital forensic models international journal of digital evidence fall 2002, volume 1, issue 3 mark reith, clintcarr, gregggunsch, department of electrical and computer engineering, graduate school of engineering and management,air force institute of technology,wright-pattersonafb, oh 45433-7765

What are stylistic devices Essay Example

What are stylistic devices? Essay In literature and writing, a  figure of speech  (also  called stylistic device or rhetorical device) is the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling. Sometimes a word diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase has a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it. Examples are metaphor, simile, or personification. Stylistic devices often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. Alliteration What is an alliteration? Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words. Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis. The initial consonant sound is usually repeated in two neighboring words although sometimes the repetition occurs also in words that are not neighbors. Examples: * sweet  smell of  success, * a  dime a  dozen, * bigger and  better, * jump for  joy * share a  continent but not a  country Here is an example of alliteration in a poem by Wordsworth: And  sings a  solitary  song That  whistles in the  wind. Remember 1. Only the repetition of the same sound is valid in an alliteration not the consonants themselves. Examples: * keen  camarad. * philosophy  fan. * A  neat  knot  need  not be re-knotted. Although they start with different consonants, they constitute perfect instances of alliteration; 2. By contrast, if neighboring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial sound, the words are not alliterated. Examples: * a cute child * highly honored (pay attention to the ‘h’ in honored; it is silent) Although they start with the same consonants, they are not instances of alliteration since the sounds differ. What is an allusion? Allusion We will write a custom essay sample on What are stylistic devices? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are stylistic devices? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are stylistic devices? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The act of alluding is to make indirect reference. It is a literary device, a figure of speech that quickly stimulates different ideas and associations using only a couple of words. ELEMENTS OF FICTION EFINITION OF PLOT Plot refers to the series of events that give a story its meaning and effect. In most stories, these events arise out of  conflict  experienced by the main character. The conflict may come from something external, like a dragon or an overbearing mother, or it may stem from an internal issue, such as jealousy, loss of identity, or overconfidence. As the character makes choices and tries to resolve the problem, the storys action is shaped and plot is generated. In some stories, the author structures the entire plot chronologically, with the first event followed by the second, third, and so on, like beads on a string. However, many other stories are told with flashback techniques in which plot events from earlier times interrupt the storys current events. All stories are unique, and in one sense there are as many plots as there are stories. In one general view of plot, however—and one that describes many works of fiction—the story begins with  rising action  as the character experiences conflict through a series of plot  complications  that entangle him or her more deeply in the problem. This conflict reaches a  climax, after which the conflict is resolved, and the  falling action  leads quickly to the storys end. Things have generally changed at the end of a story, either in the character or the situation; drama subsides, and a new status quo is achieved. It is often instructive to apply this three-part structure even to stories that dont seem to fit the pattern neatly. conflict: The basic tension, predicament, or challenge that propels a storys plot complications: Plot events that plunge the protagonist further into conflict rising action: The part of a plot in which the drama intensifies, rising toward the climax climax: The plots most dramatic and revealing moment, usually the turning point of the story falling action: The part of the plot after the climax, when the drama subsides and the conflict is resolved CHARACTER rotagonist: A story’s main character (see also  antagonist) antagonist: The character or force in conflict with the protagonist round character: A complex, fully developed character, often prone to change flat character: A one-dimensional character, typically not central to the story characterization: The process by which an author presents and develops a fictional character   A. Plot Definition of Plot:  Ã‚  Events that form a significant pattern of action with a beginning, a middle and an end. They move from one place or event to another in order to form a pattern, usually with the purpose of overcoming a conflict. The plot is more formally called a  narrative. Elements of Plot: Beginning 1. Plot Line:   a graph plotting the ups and downs of the central characters fortunes. A very conventional plot might look like the one above. 2. Initial Situation i. Characters:  Who are the central characters? What do they aspire to? ii. Setting: Where/when do the characters live? Does the setting contribute to the narrative? iii. Conflicts: What are the challenges facing the protagonist(s)? What are the conflict(s) that he or she (or they) will have to overcome? The beginning is often called the  introduction  or  exposition. By establishing the characters, setting and initial conflicts, the beginning sets the scene for the rest of the narrative. Dickens famous opening line in  A Tale of Two Cities, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, is a classic piece of exposition that helps establish the social and political background of the novel. Rising Action 3. Incentive Moment: i. Which event thrusts itself into the tension of the characters situation and triggers the action of the story? A new event frequently jostles the smoothness of things and changes the course of action. 4. Episodes:   After the introduction, a story usually presents a series of separate events in the plot, building from one situation to the next. A new episode (or scene) begins when the place and time change, or when something really important interrupts what has been happening. With each successive episode, the conflict becomes more and more intense, demanding some sort of resolution. The Climax 5. Climax:   the critical point at which the central character is about to win or lose all. When the probable outcome of the main conflict is finally revealed (i. e. the turning point), the story has reached its climax. In a Shakespearian tragedy, the climax occurs when the main characters momentum switches from success to failure. Beyond that point, the ending is inevitable. However, the climax does not mark the end of conflict;  it only determines how the conflict will be decided. The climax usually occurs anywhere from 50% to 90% of the completed story. Falling Action 6. Falling Action (or Resolution or Denouement):  the events that occur after the climax that tie up loose ends; they perform the necessary plot actions to fulfill the protagonists fortunes that are now clear after the climax. It is a tricky part of a narrative to write as the author has to decide which parts of the plot to tie up and which to leave as questions for the reader to think about (or leave for a future story). Part of the decision regarding what to tie up and what to leave open often depends on the extent to which the author wants to satisfy the readers need for a sense of justice or closure. 7. Epilogue:  the part that tells the reader what happens to the characters well  after  the story is finished. Its seen in longer narratives (like novels and movies) rather than short fiction, but even then it is only used occasionally. B. Authors Role in Plot 1. Plot grows out of the characters. 2. The author is always in control of what happens; fiction manipulates events; it is created. 3. Central focus of the story has to be intriguing, and the author has to arrange events in such a way as to: i. Eliminate all events that are not significant. ii. Make each succeeding event more and more intriguing until he reaches the climax. The purpose of fiction is to entertain; how well are you entertained? C. Plot  Techniques 1. Suspense:  Frequently involves dilemma. e. g. Caught in a bad situation with a choice in a boating accident, you can save either your mother or your husband from drowning. 2. Flashback:  The author waits until the story is moving and then flashes back to reveal biographical data or deep psychological reasons why a character acts as s/he does. It focuses more on  why  things happen, rather than on  what  happens. 3. Telescoping:  Its a matter of economy. The author cant describe every motion of the character or event during the time the story covers. S/he has to choose the significant and merely suggest the others by saying they happened, without much description. Art attempts verisimilitude, not reality. 4. Foreshadowing: The outcome of a conflict is often hinted at or foreshadowed before the climax and resolution. These clues are usually very subtle; you dont realize they are foreshadowing clues until youve finished the story. Early on in the novel  Lord of the Flies, the boys roll a rock down from the light of the hill into the murky jungle below. The destruction of the foliage is a symbolic hint at whats to come:the boys descent into savagery and destruction. Open School describes foreshadowing as a technique that writers use to make the events in their stories ore believable. In foreshadowing, the reader is given little hints about an important future event. Something like providing clues in a mystery novel, foreshadowing ensures that when an important event occurs, the reader thinks: Oh, I should have seen that coming rather than, This doesnt fit anywhere in this piece! Foreshadowing can be a small series of events leading up to a bi g event, or an event that is similar in a thematic way to something that happens later.   Another example of foreshadowing in  Lord of the Flies  occurs just after the plane crash. The author, William Golding, describes the band of choirboys as dressed all in black and moving as if one creature. The black creature is led by Jack, which is a foreshadowing of the evil that will soon overtake him and his followers. D. Conflict in Plot Plot usually involves one or more conflicts, which are problems that need to be solved. The movement towards a solution is what drives the narrative forward, and is what occupies most of the protagonists time. The more rewarding plots are often built around mental, emotional and moral conflicts. Plots involving physical conflict, war, exploration, escapes often contain the most excitement and suspense. Here are the major types of conflict: 1. Mans struggle against nature 2. Man against man 3. Man against society 4. Man against himself (i. e. a portrayal of an inner struggle) The first three types are said to be external conflicts, while the last is internal conflict. Identifying Conflict: * Who or what is the protagonist? * Who or what is the antagonist? * Why is this person or thing the antagonist? * Why are the antagonist and the protagonist in conflict? * Which events contribute to the developing conflict? Which event or episode is the climax? * What does the outcome of the conflict reveal to you about the protagonist? * Did you feel sympathetic toward the protagonist or the antagonist? Explain why. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  conflict. I also recommend Susan Vaughans article on  conflict. It discusses the importance of conflict in narrative fiction, and offers a good distinction between  internal  and  external conflict. E. Setting:  Aspects of Setting Setting is defined as the physical  location  and the  time  of a story. In short stories, one or both of these elements are often not defined. a. Physical World in which Characters Live 1. Geographical location, topography, scenery, even the arrangement of objects in a room can carry special significance. Note detail. 2. Spot words that ask you to hear, see and feel elements that make up and strengthen awareness of physical setting. b. Characters Revealed by Setting. 1. Physical objects surround characters in different ways and these differences reveal traits and changes in characters. a. Psychologically, spiritually, economically and physically. b. Observe feelings and actions of characters with respect to their surroundings; as setting changes, often so does character. c. Listen for any remarks characters make about their setting. d. Look for clues to characters in objects they have placed in their physical world. c. Setting Revealed by Characters 1. Characters contribute clues about setting. 2. When time isnt made obvious, the reader can often make inferences from objects a character has placed in the setting 3. Dress and dialect contain clues as to historical period in which events take place, as well as to regional setting and social levels within a region. d. Plot Assisted by Setting 1. Some stories or plots can take place only in certain settings. Actions governed by particular customs and mores. . Traditions established over many generations exert great influence on what characters do. 3. Physical nature also creates conditions that affect plot: setting can confine action as, for example, on the sea, or on a mountaintop. e. Atmospheric Setting 1. The mood is reliant on the words and tone of description; a jingle can be light, full of life, and e xciting, or, dark, foreboding, and full of evil. 2. The setting of a Victorian drawing room elicits an atmosphere of restraint and decorum. 3. Atmosphere can be overdrawn (as in many Harlequin romances) and become gooey with manufactured emotion. . Theme Revealed by Setting 1. Some authors skillfully use atmosphere to introduce and reinforce the theme of the novel; what happens in setting (flood) happens to characters (changed course of action). 2. Setting may reveal how man sees nature, they may show hate, agony, courage, etc. or mens struggle for insignificant things. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  setting. F. Mood or Atmosphere: The mood is the feeling the reader gets while reading the story. The author helps to create the mood by using carefully chosen  descriptive or evocative words. It can be compared to the use of music in films. Examples of mood are: hostile, optimistic, threatening, ominous, bitter, defiant, etc.. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  mood. G. Theme: The theme  is a recurring social or psychological issue, like aging, violence, alienation or maturity. The author or poet weaves the theme into the plot, which is used as a vehicle to convey it. The title of the story or poem is often of significance in recognizing the theme. What is theme? * Its the unifying or central concept of a story. Its a theory of life which acts as the unifying force in a story, or the universal truth which the story illustrates. * The simplest way of defining theme is this: it is the description of the basic  challenges of mankind  (e. g. the human condition). * In most stories its not just a simple  moral, which is usually what an author thinks  about  the theme. Identifying a storys theme: * Start with a clear idea of the charac ters situation and the plot. Why did the characters act as they did? * Examine closely the central  conflict. Overcoming a conflict is often the basis of the recurrent human challenge in the theme. Look closely at the events and/or characters that seem relevant to the main line of action. Why are they included? * Does the author offer an explicit view point about the theme, or does s/he merely describe the many points of view? * Look for literary devices such as  symbolism  or  irony. They often reveal key elements of the theme. For more information, check out the Open Schools discussion of  theme. H. Symbolism: In literature, a symbol is an object, event or a character thats used to represent an abstract idea;  it is something which stands for something else. Symbols are clues to whats going on in the story and often stand for key parts of the  theme. A symbol is related to metaphor and simile insofar as its a type of figurative (indirect/dual) language. The key thing to remember is that readers  arent  told that something is a symbol, unlike a metaphor (the flower  ofmy love) or a simile (my love  is like  a flower). A symbol just sits there inside the story readers are simply expected to understand its symbolic existence. * White Dove Peace * Santa/Mistletoe Christmas * Red Roses Love * Wedding Ring Marriage/Eternal Love The mockingbird in  To Kill A Mockingbird   a symbol of innocent people being unjustly persecuted * Napoleon in  Animal Farm   Joseph Stalin, dictator of the USSR Allusion relies on the reader being able to understand the allusion and being familiar with the meaning hidden behind the words. Example: Describing someone as a Romeo makes an allusion to the famous young lover in Romeo and Juliet by W illiam Shakespeare In an  allusion  the reference may be to a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication. Examples of allusion: 1. David was being such a  scrooge!. Scrooge is the allusion, and it refers to Charles Dickens novel, A Christmas Carol. Scrooge was very greedy and unkind, which David was being compared to. ) 2. The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion on the Trojan horse from Greek mythology) 3. to wash one’s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it. ) 4. to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph’s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament) There are many advantages when you use an allusion: 1. You dont need to explain or clarify a problem in a lengthy way. 2. You make the reader become active by reflecting on the analogy. 3. You make your message memorable. What is anaphora? Anaphora  is a stylistic device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses to give them emphasis. This rhetorical device is contrasted with epiphora, also called epistrophe, which consists of repeating words at the end of clauses. Examples of anaphora Some examples of the literary works that use anaphora are listed below: In time  the savage bull sustains the yoke, In time  all haggard hawks will stoop to lure, In time  small wedges cleave the hardest oak, In time  the flint is pierced with softest shower. Thomas Kyd,  The Spanish Tragedy, I, vi. 3 Mad  world! Mad  kings! Mad  composition! William Shakespeare,  King John, II, Anticlimax (figure of speech) Anticlimax  refers to a figure of speech in which statements gradually descend in order of importance. Unlike  climax, anticlimax is the arrangement of a series of words, phrases, or clauses in order of decreasing importance. Examples of anticlimax These are some examples of anticlimax: 1. She is a great writer, a mother and a good humorist. 2. He lost his family, his car and his cell phone. What is antithesis? Antithesis  is a figure of speech which refers to the juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas. It involves the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure. Examples: These are examples of antithesis: * Man proposes, God disposes. * Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.   Goethe * We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.   Martin Luther King, Jr. * Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice * Many are called, but few are chosen. What is apostrophe? Apostrophe  is an exclamatory rhetorical  figure of speech, when a speaker or writer breaks off and directs speech to an imaginary person or abstract quality or idea. Examples Some examples of apostrophe are listed below: 1. O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times. Shakespeare,  Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1 Assonance Assonance  is a figure of speech that is found more often in verse than in prose. It refers to the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences. Examples of Assonance These are some examples: * the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain   The Raven  By Edgar Allan Poe * The crumbling thunder of seas Robert Louis Stevenson Cataphora Cataphora  refers to a figure of speech where an earlier expression refers to or describes a forward expression. Cataphora is the opposite ofanaphora, a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Examples of cataphora These are some examples: * If you want them, there are cookies in the kitchen. (them  is an instance of cataphora because it refers to  cookies  which hasnt been mentioned in the discourse prior to that point. * After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks. (he  is also a cataphoric reference to  the soldier  which is mentioned later in the discourse) More figures of speech Climax (figure of speech) Climax  refers to a figure of speech in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance. Examples of climax There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love. 1 Corinthians  13:13 3. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream What is Dysphemism? Dysphemism  is the use of a harsh, more offensive word instead of one considered less harsh. Dysphemism is often contrasted with  euphemism. Dysphemisms are generally used to shock or offend. Examples: These are examples of dysphemism: * Snail mail  for postal mail, * Cancer stick  in reference to a cigarette. * Egghead  for genius. * Worm food  for dead. * Pig  for policeman. * Bullshit  for lies. * Dead tree edition  for the paper version of a publication that can be found online * Fag  for homosexual man. What is ellipsis? Ellipsis  (or  elliptical construction  ) is the omission of a word or words. It refers to constructions in which words are left out of a sentence but the sentence can still be understood. Ellipsis helps us avoid a lot of redundancy. In fact there is a lot of redundancy in language and it can be surprising how much can be left out without losing much meaning, particularly when there are contextual clues as to the real meaning. Examples Some examples of ellipsis are listed below: * Lacy can do something about the problem, but I don’t know what (she can do. ) * She can help with the housework; Nancy can (help with the housework), too. John can speak seven languages, but Ron can speak only two (languages. ) The words between parentheses can be omitted and the sentences can still be meaningful. What is euphemism? Euphemism  is used to express a mild, indirect, or vague term to substitute for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term. Euphemism is often contrasted with  dysphemis m. Some euphemisms intend to amuse, while others intend to give positive appearances to negative events or even mislead entirely. Examples: These are examples of euphemism: * Going to the other side  for death, * Do it  or  come together  in reference to a sexual act. * Passed away  for die. On the streets  for homeless. * Adult entertainment  for pornography. * Comfort woman  for prostitute * Between jobs  for unemployed. Hyperbole What is hyperbole? Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. It may be used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken literally. Hyperboles are exaggerations to create emphasis or effect. Examples Examples of hyperbole include: * The bag weighed a ton. * I was so hungry; I could eat a horse! * Shes older than the hills. * I could sleep for a year; I was so tired. * Hes filthy rich. Hes got tons of money. Ive told you a million times to help with the hou sework. What is irony? Irony is a figure of speech in which there is a contradiction of expectation between what is said what is really meant. It is characterized by an incongruity, a contrast, between reality and appearance. There are three types of irony: verbal, dramatic and situational. Types of irony 1. Verbal irony: It is a contrast between what is  said  and what is  meant 2. Dramatic irony: It occurs when the audience or the reader knows more than the character about events. In other words, what the character thinks is true is incongruous with what the audience knows. . Situational irony: This refers to the contrast between the actual result of a situation and what was intended or expected to happen. Examples of irony * His argument was as clear as mud. * The two identical twins were arguing. One of them told the other: Youre ugly * The thieves robbed the police station. What is  lilotes? Lilotes  is a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an af firmative is expressed by negating its opposite. For example, instead of saying that someone is  mean, you can say  he is not very generous. Examples of  lilotes Hes not a very generous man. She is not very beautiful. He is not the friendliest person I ve met. What is oxymoron? An  oxymoron  is a figure of speech that combines incongruous or contradictory terms. The plural is  oxymorons  or  oxymora. Examples: An oximoron can be made of an adjective and a noun: * Dark light * Deafening silence * Living dead * Open secret * Virtual reality Oximorons can also be a combination of a noun and a verb. * The silence whistles Personification What is Personification? Personification is a figure of speech in which human characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality, animal, or inanimate object. Examples Notice the use of personification in William Blakes poem below: Two Sunflowers  Move in the Yellow Room. Ah, William, were weary of weather, said the sunflowers, shining with dew. Our traveling habits have tired us. Can you give us a room with a view? What are puns? A  pun, also called  paronomasia,  involves a word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are constructions used in jokes and idioms whose usage and meaning are entirely local to a particular language and its culture. To be understood, puns require a large vocabulary. Examples: These are examples of puns: * Atheism is a non-prophet institution The word prophet is put in place of its homophone profit, altering the common phrase non-profit institution. * Question: Why do we still have troops in Germany? Answer: To keep the Russians in Czech   Joke. This joke relies on the aural ambiguity of the homophones check and Czech What is metalepsis? Metalepsis  is a figure of speech in which reference is made to something by means of another thing that is remotely related to it, either through a causal relationship, or through another figure of speech. Examples of metalepsis 1. Was this the face that launched a thousand ships and burnt the topless towers of Ilium? Chistopher Marlowe,  Doctor Faustus A reference to the mythological figure Helen of Troy (or some would say, to Aphrodite). Her abduction by Paris was said to be the reason for a fleet of a thousand ships to be launched into battle, initiating the Trojan Wars. 2. Ive got to catch the worm tomorrow. The early bird catches the worm is a common maxim, advocating getting an early start on the day to achieve success. The subject, by referring to this maxim, is compared to the bird; tomorrow, the speaker will awaken early in order to achieve success. 3. A lead foot is driving behind me. This refers to someone who drives fast. This metalepsis is achieved only through a cause and effect relationship. Lead is heavy and a heavy foot would press the accelerator, and this would cause the car to speed. 4. He experienced a pallid death. While death has the effect of making the body look pale, describing death itself with the adjective pallid created a metaleptic expression. What is a metaphor? Unlike  simile,  metaphor  (from the Greek language: meaning transfer) is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a figure of speech that compares two or more things not using like or as. In the simplest case, this takes the form: X   is   Y Examples of metaphor: All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances; (William Shakespeare,  As You Like It, 2/7) What is metonymy? Metonymy  is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. Examples: Here are some examples of metonymy: * Crown. (For the power of a king. ) * The White House. (Referring to the American administration. ) * Dish. (To refer an entire plate of food. ) * The Pentagon. (For the Department of Defense and the offices of the U. S. Armed Forces. ) * Pen. (For the written word. ) * Sword (For military force. ) * Hollywood. (For US Cinema. ) * Hand. (For help. ) Consider this quote which is a metonymic adage coined by English author Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839 for his play  Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy: The pen is mightier than the sword. What is a simile? A  simile  is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things, often introduced with the word like or as. It takes the form of: * X  is (not) like  Y * X  is (not) as  Y * X  is (not) similar to  Y Examples of simile: * He fights like a lion. * He swims as fast as a fish. * He slithers like a snake. * My dad was a mechanic by trade when he was in the Army, When he got the tools out, he was like a surgeon. What is a synecdoche? Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or the whole of something is used to represent part of it. It is considered to be a special kind of  metonymy. Types and examples of synecdoche * Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing    A hundred head of cattle  (using the part  head  to refer to the whole animal) * The whole of a thing is used to represent part of it    The world treated him badly  (using  the world  to refer to part of the world) * A specific class of thing is used to refer to a larger, more general class    A bug  (used to refer to any kind of insect or arachnid, even if it is not a true bug) * A general class of thing is used to refer to a smaller, more specific class    The good book  (referring to the Bible or the  Quran) A material is used to refer to an object composed of that material    Glasses  or  steel  ( referring to spectacles or sword) * A container is used to refer to its contents A barrel  (referring to a barrel of oil) Present tenses he Present Perfect The Formation of the Present Perfect auxiliary verb  to have  (have/has) +  Participle II (the pr esent tense of the verb  to have  +  the past participle  of the main verb. ) The Past Perfect The Formation of the Past Perfect auxiliary verb  had  Ã‚  +  Participle II (the past tense of the verb  to have  +  the past participle  of the main verb. The Future Perfect The Formation of the Future Perfect auxiliary verb  shall/will have  +  Participle II (the future tense of the verb  to have  +  the past participle  of the main verb. ) Present Perfect FORM [has/have + past participle] Examples: * You  have seen  that movie many times. * Have  you  seen  that movie many times? * You  have not seen  that movie many times. Complete List of Present Perfect Forms USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples: * I  have seen  that movie twenty times. * I think I  have met  him once before. * There  have been  many earthquakes in California. * People  have traveled  to the Moon. * People  have not traveled  to Mars. * Have  you  read  the book yet? * Nobody  has  ever  climbed  that mountain. A:  Has  there ever  been  a war in the United States? B: Yes, there  has been  a war in the United States. How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? The concept of unspecified time can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1 Experienc e You can use

Defining Essay Topics

Defining Essay TopicsEffective essay topics are made up of different types of subjects; from analyzing the current situation, or evaluating a certain issue, to discussing a particular controversial subject, or organizing your thoughts, there are definitional argument essay topics that you can use. These are also the topics that students like to study, and it is easy to identify those topic areas that you can use for your subject paper. But, what makes a topic so effective?First of all, an effective thesis statement, or 'hook' is an essential part of your essay topic. You have to make the reader follow your topic from beginning to end. The hook is the idea or the main point of your essay. It is always easy to find a way to tie a specific subject together with an interesting hook, but if you are unable to properly use this idea, you will never be able to get the reader to continue through your essay.One way to easily pull the reader through your subject is to include a small piece of y ourself in the subject. For example, you could mention in your conclusion, that you have taken some philosophy classes, or that you are a big fan of Robin Williams. Now, if the reader reads through your essay and finds that you haven't been truthful about what kind of background you have, the reader is now able to form their own opinion about you, and how much they trust you. You may not know how to use this idea effectively, but if you are honest about it, you will attract more attention to your essay. So, be honest with yourself, and use whatever small moment to present your honest opinions, or thoughts.Also, you can include one very important point, but don't discuss it until the end of your essay. An example would be 'If you run a business, you have to prepare for a financial forecast.' By keeping your focus at the end of your topic, the audience won't be able to come back to your paper until they feel completely confident that you understand the implications of the forecast.Ano ther way to start your dissertation statement is to include a specific topic that will highlight your strengths. If you have excelled in physics, you could emphasize this by mentioning this, in your concluding statement: 'As a physics major, I was fortunate to have a creative and diverse curriculum. I was able to spend a lot of time working with interesting projects, reading interesting texts, and meeting interesting people.' By including your strengths, the reader will be able to notice these strengths, and will be able to get a better idea of how to relate them to your topic.In addition, you should also spend some time on developing an understanding of the readers' intellectual ability. This allows the audience to notice the strengths of the writer, and will also be a tool to use when creating an excellent essay.Another way to keep the audience following your topic is to create a small story. You can use the theme of your topic, or one of your strong points, and create a story aro und it. For example, if you have strong views on life, you could tell a story about a period in your life, or life in general, where you felt strong.By using both of these techniques, you can immediately get the audience involved with your topic. Then, as the reader goes through your argument, you can utilize these strategies to make sure that the audience finds your points to be convincing, and that they fully agree with your opinions.

More About Indirect Objects in Spanish

More About Indirect Objects in Spanish In Spanish, you may find indirect object pronouns where you least expect them, at least if your native language is English. That is because in Spanish, the indirect object pronouns have a much wider variety of uses than they do in English. As you may recall, in English the indirect object pronouns are used almost exclusively to indicate that someone has been the recipient of a verbs action although not directly acted upon. Thus, in English, the indirect object is often a shorter substitute for saying something is being done to or for someone. The same usage is common in Spanish (although the use of the indirect object is usually mandatory in such sentences, not so in English). A few examples should help explain this usage: English: I am giving him the books. Spanish: Le doy los libros. Explanation: Book (libro) is the direct object of the verb because it is the object that is given. The indirect object is him, because he is the recipient of the action. The English sentence is the equivalent of I am giving the book to him. English: He showed her the house. Spanish: Le enseà ±Ãƒ ³ la casa. Explanation: House (casa) is the direct object because it is what was shown. The indirect object is her, because she is the recipient of the action. The English sentence is the equivalent of He showed the house to her. English: They are serving us the dinner. Spanish: Nos sirven la cena. Explanation: Dinner (cena) is the direct object because it is what is being served. The indirect object is us, because we are the recipients of the action. The English sentence is the equivalent of They are serving the dinner to us. In Spanish, indirect object pronouns are used in similar sentences that would be awkward in English. For example, while it is possible to say, They are painting me a house, it would be more common to say, They are painting a house for me. In Spanish, there is no awkwardness; the normal sentence construction still would be Me pintan una casa. The main point of this lesson, however, is that Spanish uses the indirect objects in many cases where it would be impossible to do so in English. As noted above, English typically uses the indirect object for cases in which the object is the recipient of some object or action. In Spanish, however, the indirect object can be used in other types of instances where the object is merely affected by the action. The use of the pronoun indicates only that the person was affected by the verb; exactly how the person was affected is determined by the context. Also, in English it is almost always the case that a sentence with an indirect object also has a direct object (as in the above examples). However, in Spanish there are some verbs (the most common being gustar, to be pleasing) that take an indirect object without needing a direct object. Following are examples that should help clarify some common types of uses of indirect objects. The indirect object pronouns le and les (the third-person indirect objects) are used in the following examples to make it clear that an indirect object pronoun is being used. (In the first and second persons, the indirect and direct objects are the same; for example, me can function as either an indirect or direct object.) Indicating that a person received some emotion, sensation, result or impression: El trabajo le abruma. (The work is overwhelming to her.) Le gusta el programa. (The program is pleasing to him.) No voy a explicarle las teorà ­as. (I am not going to explain the theories to you.) Les obligà ³ que comer. (He forced them to eat.) La decisià ³n le perjudicà ³. (The decision harmed him.) Les es ventajoso. (It is advantageous to them.) Indicating a loss of something: Le robaron cincuenta euros. (They took 50 euros from her.) Le sacaron un rià ±on. (They took out one kidney from her.) Le comprà © el coche. (I bought the car from him or I bought the car for him.) Las inversiones le devaluaron. (The investments lost money for him.) With various phrases using hacer or tener: Les hacà ­a  feliz. (It made them happy.) Les tengo miedo. (Im afraid for them.) Le hizo daà ±o. (It hurt her.) When a verb affects a body part or an intimate possession, particularly clothing. In such cases, the pronoun is seldom translated to English: Se le cae el pelo. (His hair is falling out. Note that, as in this example, when a reflexive verb is used, the reflexive pronoun comes before the indirect-object pronoun.) Le rompieron los anteojos. (They broke his glasses.) With certain verbs to indicate sufficiency or insufficiency. The pronoun isnt always translated to English. Le faltan dos euros. (She is two euros short.) Les bastan 100 pesos. (A hundred pesos is enough for them.) When making requests or addressing someone: Le pidieron dos libros. (They asked her for two books.) Les exigià ³ mucho dinero. (It required much money from them.) Les dijo que es peligroso. (He told them it is dangerous.)

How Federal Title I Program Helps Students and Schools

How Federal Title I Program Helps Students and Schools Title I provides federal funding to schools that serve an area with high poverty. The funding is meant to help students who are at risk of falling behind academically. The funding provides supplemental instruction for students who are economically disadvantaged or at risk of failing to meet state standards. Students are expected to show academic growth at a faster rate with the support of Title I instruction. The Origin of Title I The Title I program originated as the Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965. It is now associated with Title I, Part A of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). Its primary purpose was to ensure that all children were given the opportunity to be provided with a high-quality education. Title I is the largest federally funded education program for elementary and secondary schools. Title I is also designed to focus on special needs populations and to reduce the gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students. Benefits of Title I Title I has benefited schools in many ways. Perhaps the most important is the funding itself. Public education is cash strapped and having Title I funds available affords schools the opportunity to maintain or initiate programs that target specific students.  Without this funding, many schools would not be able to provide their students with these services.  Furthermore, the students have reaped the benefits of Title I funds having opportunities that they otherwise would not have. In short, Title I has helped some students succeed when they may not have otherwise. Some schools may opt to use the funds to initiate a school-wide Title I program where every student can benefit from these services. Schools must have a child poverty rate of at least 40% to implement a school-wide Title I program. A school-wide Title I program can provide benefits to all students and is not just limited to those students who are considered to be economically disadvantaged. This path gives schools the biggest bang for their buck because they are able to impact a larger number of students. Requirements of Title I Schools Schools that utilize Title I funds have several requirements to keep the funding. Some of these requirements are as follows: Schools must create a comprehensive needs assessment that specifies why Title I funds are needed and how they will be used.Schools must use highly qualified teachers to provide instruction.Teachers must utilize highly effective, research-based instructional strategies.Schools must provide their teachers with quality professional development designed to improve the areas identified by the needs assessment.Schools must create a targeted parental involvement plan with associated activities such as a family engagement night.Schools must identify students who are not meeting state standards and create a strategic plan for helping those students grow and improve.Schools must show annual growth and improvement. They must prove that what they are doing is working.

BusinessMGT Unit5 discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BusinessMGT Unit5 discussion - Assignment Example (â€Å"Competitive Advantage†, 2010) Smart Chips Company’s market share has been hurt by the clone microchips. Though the company specializes in developing first-of-its kind microchips, but the makers of clone microchips release microchips that are similar to the original but are sold at comparatively lower prices. To recuperate their market share, Smart Chips Company needs to redesign its product in a way that it has a competitive advantage over the cloning microchips. To bring about these drastic changes, the firm will have to determine how to incorporate the value chain activities to create value and competitive advantage. Smart Chips Company’s profit and market share depend on its efficiency of performing these activities, together with value chain support activities. The value chain support activities include: administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&D) and  procurement. In order to develop competitive advantage, Smart Microchip Company must have resources that are superior and which cannot be replicated by the competitors. A cost analysis should be performed to assess the areas where the cost can be reduced. Company must create cost advantage either by reducing costs at each level of the value chain or by reconfiguring the entire value chain. Better marketing can also help in increasing the number of sales of the firm. Promotion and service plays an influential part in the marketing of a business. With effective marketing, Smart Chips can also use product positioning, and quality checking as means of gaining competitive advantages over clone microchips. This may lead the company towards the road to sustainable success. SWOT analysis will also be helpful to Smart Chips. It is a tool used by companies to assess their strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities and threats in the market. It is a simple way of evaluating firm’s current

Microsoft projecr Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microsoft projecr - Assignment Example The first phase will deal with the design of the Customer Relationship Management System while the second phase will deal with the implementation of the system to the normal work flow environment. The design phase will incorporate various key features that will facilitate its efficient operation. The product that will arise from the project will be required to conduct tracking on the various trends of customer purchasing. The product is also to provide points to purchases that have been made cumulatively. The customers who have enrolled and registered into the system should therefore be able to redeem their points and receive various benefits. For the system to be able to produce the various deliverables, it is important that the Customer Relationship Management System be developed. It should also be complemented with a good intranet and extranet infrastructure that will allow synchronization of bonuses and loyalties from any outlet store. Apart from that, the software will need to work together with a Point Of Sale system which will be capturing the initial costs while the Customer Relationship Management System converts the prices to bonuses and royalty. The System will be developed and then introduced in the main branch to test. It will involve the installation of the system to computers which have the capabilities of running the software without any incompatibility issues. At the same time, a network infrastructure will be laid so that the whole company has a de-centralized system of operation with the main servers located at the head office. Shopping cards will be introduced where the bonus and loyalty points are stored. The system will also be installed in the other outlet chains to verify the synchrony of operations to the central server and test whether a customer’s points can be identified on any other retail store affiliated to the main store. Executive support – The management must support the system development process and the